【參考翻譯】

　　In the Tang Dynasty, people started to build kilns tomake bluish white porcelain in Changnan. The bluishwhite porcelain was glittering and had thereputation of artificial jade, so it became famoushome and abroad and was exported to Europe inlarge amount. At that time, Europeans were not able to make porcelain,so porcelain fromChina，especially from Changnan，was warmly welcomed. In Europe，porcelain from Changnanwas luxurious article cherished by everyone, and obtaining even one piece of it would makepeople feel very proud. In this way，Europeans used Changnan as the code name for china(porcelain) and the place of its production，China. Gradually, Europeans forgot the originalmeaning of Changnan，only remembering it is “china”，namely“China”.

　　【詞匯解析】

　　1.燒制出一種青白瓷:可譯為make bluish whiteporcelain， 燒制可譯為 make，“青白色的”可譯為bluishwhite。

　　2.色彩晶螢:可譯為glittering,意為“閃閃發光的”。

　　3.遠近聞名:可譯為be famous home and abroad。

　　4.以…為榮:即be proud of,文中譯為…make people feelproud。

　　5.久而久之:理解為“逐漸地”，可用gradually來表達。

　　6.只記得它是瓷器:根據前后句，本句可譯為only remembering it is “china”, 用現在分詞作狀語來表達。

　　臉譜(facial makeup)是指中國傳統戲劇—京劇里男演員臉部的彩色化妝。 它在色彩、形式和類型上有一定的格式。臉譜運用紅色、黃色、白色、黑色、紫色、綠色和銀色代表不同的人物性格。各角色的臉譜由油漆、粉和油彩畫成，基本形式是整臉、三塊瓦臉(San Kuai Wa Lian)和碎臉。這些臉譜類型被廣泛用于代 表、官員、英雄、神靈和鬼魅。通過眼睛和鼻子周圍形狀各異的白色小塊, 可以辨別出丑角(Chou actors)。有時這些小塊以黑色勾勒，常稱小花臉。

　　【參考翻譯】

　　Facial makeup refers to the colorful painting on theface of the actors in Peking Opera, which is atraditional Chinese opera. It has certain format interms of color,design and type.Red，yellow，white，black，purple，green and silverare the main colors used for facial makeup to represent different characters. The facial designsfor the roles are made by painting, powdering and coloring in the basic forms of ZhengLzan(keeping the basic face pattern)，San Kuai Wa Lian(three-section face) and SuiLian(fragmentary face).These types are widely used to represent generals,officials，heroes,gods and ghosts. The Chou (clown) actors can be recognized by the patch of white in variousshapes painted around the eyes and nose. Sometimes these patches are outlined in black, oftencalled Xiao Hua Lian(partly painted face).

　　【詞匯解析】

　　1.臉部的彩色化妝:可譯為the colorful painting on theface。

　　2.在色彩、形式和類型上:可用詞組in terms of表達，譯為in terms of color,design and type。

　　3.整臉、三塊瓦臉和碎臉:“整臉”是最原始的臉譜形式，利用雙眉把臉分為額 和面兩個部分的臉譜;“三塊瓦臉”是在整臉的基礎上再利用口鼻把面部分為左右的臉譜;“碎臉”是三塊瓦臉的變種，其分界邊緣花形極大，破壞了原有的輪廓。這里可先音譯成漢語拼音，再在括號內加以解釋說明。

　　4.形狀各異的:即“不同形狀的”，可譯為in various shapes或in different shapes。

　　5.丑角:翻譯為Chou actors，同樣地，括號內可以加注解(Clown)。

　　6.勾勒:翻譯為outline。

　　中國的官方語言普通話在美國的學校中突然熱起來。由于中國經濟在21世紀的快速發展，美國的公立和私立學校紛紛在外語課程中加入漢語這一科目，或將已有的漢語教學項目進行擴展。據統計，在美國的學校中，有5萬名孩子在學習漢語。但推動漢語項目的發展不是沒有遇到困難。由于缺乏受過專業訓練、持有證書的教師，一些學校很難加入漢語教學的競爭。當學校聘用教師時，它們通常直接從中國招聘，這種方式為文化沖突埋下了隱患。

　　【翻譯譯文】

　　Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. With the rapid development of China’s economy in the 21th century,both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their curricula of foreign languages or expandingChinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50 000 children nationwide are taking Mandarinin American schools. To develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has madeit difficult for some schools to join the competition. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them fromChina directly, which is a hidden trouble for culture clash.

　　【重點詞匯】

　　官方語言 official language

　　普通話 Mandarin

　　快速的 rapid 課程 curriculum (pl.curricula)

　　已有的 in place

　　缺乏 shortage

　　受過專業訓練 professionally trained

　　證書 certificate

　　招聘 recruit

　　文化沖突 culture clash