Chinese Seal

　　A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.

　　少林功夫(Shaolin Kungfii)是河南登封少林寺信奉佛教文化的和 尚們練習(xí)的_種武術(shù)(martial arts)。少林寺，建于北魏(the Northern Wei Dynasty)太和期(Taihe Period)十九年，是少林功夫發(fā)展的文化空間。少林功夫最初是佛教僧侶練習(xí)的，他們的職責(zé)是保護寺廟。 現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過1500多年的發(fā)展，少林功夫已逐步發(fā)展成為一種完美技術(shù) 和豐富含義相融合的藝術(shù)，在全世界享有聲譽。

　　Shaolin Kungfu is a kind of martial arts practiced by monks under the special Buddhist culture of the Shaolin Temple in Dengfeng City, Henan Province. The Shaolin Temple, built in the Nineteenth year of Taihe Period during the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a cultural space for the development of the Shaolin Kungfu. The Shaolin Kungfii, which is originally practiced by the Buddhist monks whose duties were to protect the temple, has been gradually developed into an art of perfect technology, abundant meanings and high reputation in the whole world after more than 1500 years of development.

　　洛陽是地處中原的河南省西部一個地級市(prefecture-level city)。 它東部舭鄰省會鄭州，南接南陽，西連三門峽(S_enxia)，北鄰濟源。 在唐代(the Tang Dynasty),洛陽是東都(Dongdu)，東部首都，其人 口最多的時候有100萬左右，僅次于當(dāng)時世界上最大的城市——長安。 在短暫的五代(Five Dynasties)時期，洛陽是后梁(Later Liang)，后唐 (Later Tang)和后晉(Later Jin)的首都，后來。北宋(the North Song Dynasty)時期，洛陽是西部首都，也是宋朝的建立人趙匡胤的出生地。

　　Luoyang is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province of Central China. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, and Jiyuan to the north. During the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu (東都),the “Eastern Capital' and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang，an，which, at the time，was the largest city in the world. During the short-lived Five Dynasties, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang, Later Tang, and Later Jin. During the North Song Dynasty, Luoyang was the “Western Capital” and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of Song Dynasty.