詞匯輔導：通過閱讀學習英語六級詞匯(十八)
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英語六級詞匯
Unit Eighteen
Type-A Personality and Heart Disease
If you're a classic "Type A" personality -- hard-driving, impatient, competitive, intense, easily irritated – you are far more likely than a calm, laid-back "Type B" to suffer a heart attack, right?
Wrong, says a Massachusetts General Hospital psychiatrist who has studied more than 200 heart patients awaiting disgnostic tests and found virtually no correlation between classic Type A personalities and subsequent heart disease.
What does appear to be a predictor of serious heart trouble, says Dr. Joel E.Dimsdale, director of the MGH Stress Physiology Laboratory, is a chronic inability to deal constructively with anger and hostility.
He is now doing a study on anger and heart disease. The original insight that people could be classified into Type A and Type B personalities and that Type A's were more heart-attack prone grew out of research at the framingham Heart Study laboratories in the late 1970s.
Since the early studies, the A-B issue has been getting weaker. A large prospective study last year showed the A-B behavior distinction was not associated with coronary artery disease. Now researchers are thinking in terms of "anger in " vs. "anger out" as the latest area of concern.
Behavioral epidemiologist Elaine Eaker at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, one of the nation's foremost scholars of correlations between behavior and heart disease, agrees in principle.
Since holding anger inside may lead to heart trouble and since acting it out by having temper tantrums is highly antisocial, Faker says researchers now advocate maturely "discussing" anger – either with the person who makes you angry or with a friend -- as the most constructive method of dealing with explosive feelings.
Since the early Type A studies, researchers have been attempting to fine-tune the ways in which they can identify a person as Type A or Type B, not an easy task since people often deny or are actually unaware of some facets of their personalities and hence cannot be asked point-blank if they are angry or impatient by nature.
Dimsdale used both pencil-and-paper questionnaires and a "semistructured" interview technique to identify Type A personalities among heart patients. In the interview, he explained, "you ask questions slowly and sometimes even in a stammer and then see how rapidly the person will finish the sentence for you." People who rush to answer are usually highly impatient and impatience has long been considered a major component of Type A behavior.
Yet, no matter whether he used the self-report questionnaires or the more subtle interview technique, people identified as Type A's did not fare worse than the others.
laid-back a.松弛的,悠閑的,懶散的
irritate vt.1.使惱怒,使煩躁 2.使(身體某部分)不適,使疼痛
psychiatrist n.精神科醫生,精神病專家
diagnose vt.診斷,判斷
diagnostic a.診斷的,用于診斷的
[聯想詞]
syndrome n.綜合病癥,綜合病狀
prescription n.1.處方,藥方 2.開處方,開藥方
pharmacy n. 1.藥房,藥店 2.藥劑學,配藥
correlate vt.使相互關聯 vi.相關,關聯
correlation n.相互關系;聯系
physiology n.1.生理學 2.生理,生理機能
physiological a.生理學的
chronic a.1.慢性的,久病的 2.長久的,不斷的 3.積習難改的
hostility n.1.敵對,敵意,對抗 2.抵制,反對 3.交戰,戰爭
[聯想詞]
hospitality n.友好款待,好客
hostage n.人質
boycott vt.抵制,拒絕參與
artery n.1.動脈 2.干線,要道
[聯想詞]
intersection n.道路交叉口,交點
junction n.聯結點,會合點,交叉口,樞紐
prone a.1.易于…的,很可能的 2.俯臥的
[聯想詞]
apt a.1.易于…的,有(做某事的)傾向的 2.恰當的,適宜的 3.聰明的
prospective a.預期的,未來的,可能的
epidemic n.流行,流傳,感染 a.流行性的,流傳極廣的
epidemiologist n.流行病學家
formost a.首要的,最佳的
[聯想詞]
optimum n.最合適的,最優的,最佳的
tantrum n.發脾氣
questionnaire n.問卷,征求意見表
identify vt.1.認出,鑒定 2.把…等同于 vi.認同
indentification n.1.身份證明 2.鑒定,驗明,認出 3.認同
stammer n.結巴,口吃
subtle a.1.微妙的,難于捉摸的 2.詭秘的,狡詐的 3.隱約的
Type-A Personality and Heart Disease
If you're a classic "Type A" personality -- hard-driving, impatient, competitive, intense, easily irritated – you are far more likely than a calm, laid-back "Type B" to suffer a heart attack, right?
Wrong, says a Massachusetts General Hospital psychiatrist who has studied more than 200 heart patients awaiting disgnostic tests and found virtually no correlation between classic Type A personalities and subsequent heart disease.
What does appear to be a predictor of serious heart trouble, says Dr. Joel E.Dimsdale, director of the MGH Stress Physiology Laboratory, is a chronic inability to deal constructively with anger and hostility.
He is now doing a study on anger and heart disease. The original insight that people could be classified into Type A and Type B personalities and that Type A's were more heart-attack prone grew out of research at the framingham Heart Study laboratories in the late 1970s.
Since the early studies, the A-B issue has been getting weaker. A large prospective study last year showed the A-B behavior distinction was not associated with coronary artery disease. Now researchers are thinking in terms of "anger in " vs. "anger out" as the latest area of concern.
Behavioral epidemiologist Elaine Eaker at the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, one of the nation's foremost scholars of correlations between behavior and heart disease, agrees in principle.
Since holding anger inside may lead to heart trouble and since acting it out by having temper tantrums is highly antisocial, Faker says researchers now advocate maturely "discussing" anger – either with the person who makes you angry or with a friend -- as the most constructive method of dealing with explosive feelings.
Since the early Type A studies, researchers have been attempting to fine-tune the ways in which they can identify a person as Type A or Type B, not an easy task since people often deny or are actually unaware of some facets of their personalities and hence cannot be asked point-blank if they are angry or impatient by nature.
Dimsdale used both pencil-and-paper questionnaires and a "semistructured" interview technique to identify Type A personalities among heart patients. In the interview, he explained, "you ask questions slowly and sometimes even in a stammer and then see how rapidly the person will finish the sentence for you." People who rush to answer are usually highly impatient and impatience has long been considered a major component of Type A behavior.
Yet, no matter whether he used the self-report questionnaires or the more subtle interview technique, people identified as Type A's did not fare worse than the others.
laid-back a.松弛的,悠閑的,懶散的
irritate vt.1.使惱怒,使煩躁 2.使(身體某部分)不適,使疼痛
psychiatrist n.精神科醫生,精神病專家
diagnose vt.診斷,判斷
diagnostic a.診斷的,用于診斷的
[聯想詞]
syndrome n.綜合病癥,綜合病狀
prescription n.1.處方,藥方 2.開處方,開藥方
pharmacy n. 1.藥房,藥店 2.藥劑學,配藥
correlate vt.使相互關聯 vi.相關,關聯
correlation n.相互關系;聯系
physiology n.1.生理學 2.生理,生理機能
physiological a.生理學的
chronic a.1.慢性的,久病的 2.長久的,不斷的 3.積習難改的
hostility n.1.敵對,敵意,對抗 2.抵制,反對 3.交戰,戰爭
[聯想詞]
hospitality n.友好款待,好客
hostage n.人質
boycott vt.抵制,拒絕參與
artery n.1.動脈 2.干線,要道
[聯想詞]
intersection n.道路交叉口,交點
junction n.聯結點,會合點,交叉口,樞紐
prone a.1.易于…的,很可能的 2.俯臥的
[聯想詞]
apt a.1.易于…的,有(做某事的)傾向的 2.恰當的,適宜的 3.聰明的
prospective a.預期的,未來的,可能的
epidemic n.流行,流傳,感染 a.流行性的,流傳極廣的
epidemiologist n.流行病學家
formost a.首要的,最佳的
[聯想詞]
optimum n.最合適的,最優的,最佳的
tantrum n.發脾氣
questionnaire n.問卷,征求意見表
identify vt.1.認出,鑒定 2.把…等同于 vi.認同
indentification n.1.身份證明 2.鑒定,驗明,認出 3.認同
stammer n.結巴,口吃
subtle a.1.微妙的,難于捉摸的 2.詭秘的,狡詐的 3.隱約的