Unit thirty-one
On Reading
　　Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourses; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business; for expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar; they perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them and above them, won by observation. Read nor to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is , some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy tings. Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man; and, therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
　　 Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. There is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises; bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like; so if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
---------Francis Bacon
ornament n.1.裝飾品,點綴品 2.裝飾,點綴 vt.裝飾,點綴,美化
private a.1.私人的,個人的 2.秘密的,私下的 3.私立的,私營的 n.士兵,列兵
privateness n.1.私人,個人 2.秘密,私下
privacy n.1.個人自由 2.隱私,私生活,私事
disposition n.1.性情,性格 2.意向,傾向 3.排列,部署
[聯(lián)想詞]
temperament n.氣質(zhì),性格
array n.1.展示,陳列 2.排列,隊形 3.衣服,盛裝 vt.1.排列,配置 2.打扮,裝飾
marshal n.1.元帥,最高指揮官 2.總指揮,司儀 3.執(zhí)法官,警察局長,消防隊長 vt.整理,排列,集結(jié)
[聯(lián)想詞]
lieutenant n.陸軍,海軍
sergeant n.中士,警官
sloth n.懶散,怠惰
affectation n.1.做作,假裝 2.矯揉造作
prune vt.1.修剪,修整 2.刪除,削減
contradict vt.1.反駁,否認…的真實性 2.與…發(fā)生矛盾
confute vt.駁斥,駁倒
[聯(lián)想詞]
refute vt. 駁斥,駁倒
diligent a.勤勉的,勤奮的
diligence n. 勤勉,勤奮
extract vt.1.取出,抽出,撥出 2.提取,提煉 3.獲得,索取 4.摘錄,抄錄
n.1.摘錄,選段 2.提出物,精,汁
[聯(lián)想詞]
elicit vt.誘出,探出
distract vt.轉(zhuǎn)移(注意力),使分心
distill vt.1.蒸餾 2.吸取,提煉
confer (conferred; conferring) vi.商談,商議 vt.授予,賦予
conference n.1.會議 2.討論,商談
cunning a.狡猾的,詭詐的 n. 狡猾,詭詐
subtle a.1.微妙的,難于捉摸的 2.詭秘的,狡詐的 3.隱約的
rhetoric n.1.修辭學 2.雄辯言辭,虛夸言辭
contend vi.1.爭奪,競爭 2.搏斗,爭斗 vt.聲稱,主張
impediment n.1.妨礙,阻礙 2.口吃,結(jié)巴
bowling n.保齡球運動
rein n.韁繩 vt.勒韁使(馬)停步
apt a.1.易于..的,有傾向的 2.恰當?shù)?適宜的 3.聰明的,反應(yīng)敏捷的