C. Some mental-health specialists wanted "Internet addiction" to be included in the fifth version of psychiatry's bible, the"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", known as DSM-V, which is currently being overhauled (全面修訂). The American Medical Association endorsed (贊成) the idea in 2007, only to backtrack( 放棄) days later. The American Journal of Psychiatry called Internet addiction a "common disorder" and supported its recognition. Last year the DSM-V drafting group made its decision: lnteruet addiction would not be included as a "behavioral addiction"--only gambling made the cut--but it said further study was necessary.

　　D. Skeptics say there is nothing uniquely addictive about the Internet. Back in 2000, Joseph Walther, a communications professor at Michigan State University, co-wrote an article in which he suggested, tongue in cheek, that the criteria used to call someone an Internet addict might also show that most professors were "addicted" to academia (學(xué)術(shù)活動). He argued that other factors, such as depression, are the real problem.

　　He stands by that view today. "No scientific evidence has emerged to suggest that lnternet use is a cause rather than a consequence of some other sort of issue," he says. "Focusing on and treating people for Internet addiction, rather than looking for underlying clinical issues, is definitely unwise."

　　E. Others disagree. "That would be wrong," says Kimberly Young, a researcher and therapist who has worked on Interact addiction since 1994. She insists that the Internet, with its powerfully immersive environments, creates new problems that people must learn to navigate(應(yīng)對). Otherwise, the changing lifestyle will affect the development of the society.

　　F.No one disputes that online habits can turn toxic. Take South Korea, where widespread broadband means that the average high-school student plays video games for 23 hours each week. In 2007 the government estimated that around 210,000 children needed treatment for Internet addiction. In 2010 newspapers around the globe carried the story of a South Korean couple who fed their infant daughter so little that she starved to death. Instead of caring for the child, the couple spent most nights at an Internet cafe, sinking hours into a role- playing game in which they raised, fed and cared for a virtual daughter. And several South Korean men have died from exhaustion after marathon, multi-day gaming sessions.

　　G. The South Korean government has since asked game developers to adopt a gaming curfew (宵禁) for children, to prevent them playing between midnight and 8 a.m. At the same time, it has also opened more than 100 clinics for Internet addiction and sponsored an "Internet rescue camp" for serious cases.

　　H. But compulsive behaviour is not limited to garners. E-mail or web-use behaviours can also show signs of addiction. Getting through a business lunch in which no one pulls out a phone to check their messages now counts as a minor miracle in many quarters. A deluge (泛濫) of self-help books, most recently "Alone Together" by Sherry Turlde, a social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, offer advice on how to unplug (去除障礙).

　　I.Pornography is hardly new, either, but the Internet makes accessing it much easier than ever before. When something can be summoned in an instant via broadband, whether it is a game world, an e-mail inbox or pornographic material, it is harder to resist. New services lead to new complaints. When online auction sites first became popular, talk of "eBay addiction" soon followed. Dr. Young says women complain to her now about addiction to Facebook--or even to "FarmVille", a game playable only within Facebook.

　　J.Treatment centres have popped up around the world with the popularity of online games. In 2006 Amsterdam's Smith & Jones facility billed itself as "the first and, currently, the only residential video-game treatment program in the world". In America the reSTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program claims to treat Internet addiction, gaming addiction, and even "texting addiction". In China, meanwhile, military-style "boot camps" are the preferred way to treat Internet problems.

　　K. Yet many people like feeling permanently connected. As Arikia Millikan, an American blogger, once put it, "If I could be jacked in at every waking hour of the day, I would, and I think a lot of my peers would do the, same." Bob LaRose, an Internet specialist at Michigan State University, doesn't believe her. In his research on college students, he found that most sense when they are "going overboard and restore self-control". Less than1% have a pathological(病態(tài)的) problem, he adds. For most people, Internet use "is just a habit--and one that brings us pleasure."

　　46. According to Joseph Walther, it is unwise to emphasize the treatment of Internet addiction instead of seeking for potential clinical issues.

　　47. As online games become popular, treatment centres have sprung up all over the world.

　　48. After playing online games continuously for days, several South Korean men were exhausted to death.

　　49. Smallwood sued NCsoft and claimed a huge compensation for fraud and its negligence of warning him of the danger of game addiction.

　　50. In South Korea, a gaming curfew for children was adopted to prevent children playing after midnight.

　　5l. Internet addiction still needs to be further studied though the DSM-V did not categorize it as a "behavioral addiction".

　　52. An lnternet specialist found that most college students could realize when they are going too far and restore self-control.

　　53. According to mental-health specialists, for many people, video games, pornography and messaging via e-mail and social networks can become problematic online behaviors.

　　54. People regard it as a small miracle if nobody takes out a phone to read the messages at a business lunch.

　　55. Kimberly Young insists that people must learn to deal with new problems brought about by the Interact.

　　【參考譯文】

　　真的是“上癮”嗎

　　A.強迫性的上網(wǎng)行為是否屬于成癮行為，又該如何治療，心理健康專家對此意見不一。Craig Smallwood是美國的一位傷殘退伍軍人。五年間，他花了兩萬多小時玩一個名為“天堂Ⅱ”的在線角色扮演類游戲。當(dāng)該游戲的開發(fā)商，韓國NCsoft公司指責(zé)Craig違反游戲規(guī)則，并將他的游戲賬號封停時，他突然陷入抑郁及嚴重的偏執(zhí)和幻想之中。[49]他到醫(yī)院接受了三周的治療。在這之后，smanwood以欺詐和過失為由控告Ncsoft公司，聲稱該公司沒有告誡他該游戲的“網(wǎng)癮”危害，要求獲得900多萬美元的賠償金。

　　B.但是上網(wǎng)是否屬于一種成癮的行為呢?[53]心理健康專家認為有三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為對很多人來說可能是問題性的(即容易停不下來)：玩電子游戲、瀏覽色情作品以及通過電子郵件和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)收發(fā)信息。然而，關(guān)于這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為是否能被稱為“網(wǎng)癮”，又該如何治療，專家們遠未達成一致。

　　C.一些心理健康專家希望將“網(wǎng)癮”列入新近正在全面修訂的第五版精神病學(xué)的圣經(jīng)——《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計手冊》(即第五版DSM)中。2007年，美國醫(yī)學(xué)會曾一度贊成這一想法，但數(shù)天之后卻改變了態(tài)度。《美國精神病學(xué)雜志》將網(wǎng)癮稱作一種“常見疾病”，并主張予以認定。[51]去年，第五版《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計手冊》編撰小塑決定，網(wǎng)癮將不會被劃入“行為成癮”范疇——只有賭博行為被劃入此列—二但是有必要對網(wǎng)癮進一步展開研究。

　　D.持懷疑態(tài)度的人認為，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)并沒有讓人上癮的特性。早在2000年，美國密歇根州立大學(xué)傳播學(xué)教授Joseph Walther就曾在與他人合作的一篇文章中頗具諷刺性地寫道，用來評價某人是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)狂”的那個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或許也顯示了大多數(shù)的教授都是“學(xué)術(shù)狂”。Walther教授認為，諸如抑郁等其他因素才是真正的問題所在。他至今仍堅持這種觀點。他說：“尚無科學(xué)依據(jù)證實網(wǎng)癮是由于使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，而不是由其他因素造成的。[46]如果只是關(guān)注和治療上網(wǎng)成癮，而不去尋找潛藏的臨床問題，這絕對是不明智的。”

　　E.也有人反對這種說法。自1994年便開始研究網(wǎng)癮的研究員、心理治療師KimbertyYoung表示：“那種說法可能有誤。”[55]Young強調(diào)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境具有強大的吸引力，人們必須學(xué)會應(yīng)對由其引發(fā)的新問題。否則，不斷變化的生活方式將會影響社會的發(fā)展。

　　F.沒有人質(zhì)疑習(xí)慣性上網(wǎng)會對人有害(這個事實)。以韓國為例，寬帶的普及導(dǎo)致韓國的高中生平均每周玩23個小時的電子游戲。2007年，韓國政府估計有近21萬的兒童需要接受網(wǎng)癮治療。2010年全球的報紙都報道了一則新聞，即一對韓國夫妻因喂養(yǎng)不足導(dǎo)致女嬰被餓死。這對夫妻不照顧現(xiàn)實中的親生女兒，卻大多數(shù)夜晚都泡在網(wǎng)吧里，沉浸在一個在線喂養(yǎng)和照顧虛擬女兒的角色扮演游戲中。[48]另外，還有幾名韓國男性多日持續(xù)沉浸于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，因疲勞過度而死亡。

　　G.[50]此后，韓國政府要求游戲開發(fā)商對兒童采取網(wǎng)游宵禁，禁止他們在午夜到早晨8點之間玩游戲。同時，政府還開設(shè)了100家網(wǎng)癮治療診所，并資助了針對嚴重病例開辦的“網(wǎng)癮拯救營”。

　　H.但強迫性上網(wǎng)行為并不僅僅局限于網(wǎng)游玩家。使用電子郵件和瀏覽網(wǎng)頁也可能表現(xiàn)出上癮的跡象。[54]如果在一次商業(yè)午餐中，沒有人拿出手機查看信息，那么在許多人看來這都算是個小小的奇跡。現(xiàn)在有許多“自救”書籍，例如美國麻省理工學(xué)院的社會學(xué)家Sherry Turkle最近就出版了一本新書《一起孤獨》，書中為如何擺脫網(wǎng)癮提供了建議。

　　I.色情作品由來已久，但是網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓人們比以往更容易接觸到色情資源。無論是游戲還是電子郵件，或是色情資源，只要是能夠通過寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)立刻獲得的東西，人們就很難抵擋其誘惑。新型服務(wù)會滋生新的問題。自網(wǎng)上拍賣網(wǎng)站開始流行后，不久“eBay上癮”的說法就隨之而來。Young醫(yī)生表示，現(xiàn)在有很多女性向她訴苦，因為Facebook或只能在Facebook上玩的“開心農(nóng)場”游戲讓她們非常上癮。

　　J.[47]墮著網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的流行，治療中心在全球如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)。2006年，位于阿姆斯特丹的史密斯與瓊斯治療中心成立，并自稱為“目前世界上第一家、也是唯一一家寄宿式電子游戲癮治療中心”。美國reSTART網(wǎng)癮康復(fù)項目聲稱能治療網(wǎng)癮、游戲癮，甚至還有“短信癮”。在中國，軍事化管理的“訓(xùn)練營”成為了治療網(wǎng)癮的主要方式。

　　K.然而許多人喜歡保持在線的感覺。美國的一位博主ArikiaMillikan曾經(jīng)說過：“如果可以的話，我愿意在我醒著的每時每刻都在線，我相信我的很多同齡人也會這么做。”然而，美國密歇根州立大學(xué)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)專家BobLaRose對此表示懷疑。[52]在他對大學(xué)生展開的一項研究中，LaRose發(fā)現(xiàn)他們中的大多數(shù)人一旦感覺自己玩得太過火，就會恢復(fù)自控。LaRose還表示，只有不到1%的人會出現(xiàn)病態(tài)問題。對于大部分人來說，使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)“只是一種習(xí)慣——并且是一種能夠帶來快樂的習(xí)慣”。

　　【答案解析】

　　46.D

　　解析：題干意為，根據(jù)JosephWalther所說，只關(guān)注對上網(wǎng)成癮的治療，而不尋找其潛在的臨床問題，這是不明智的。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Joseph Walther、unwise、instead of和potential clinicalissues，文中論及JosephWalther教授觀點的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在D段，該段倒數(shù)第二句提到，Walther教授認為尚無科學(xué)依據(jù)證實網(wǎng)癮是由于使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，而不是由其他因素造成的。該段最后一句則提到，Walther教授認為，如果只是關(guān)注和治療上網(wǎng)成癮，而不去尋找潛藏的臨床問題，這絕對是不明智的。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為D。

　　47.J

　　解析：題干意為，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲變得流行，治療中心在全球各地不斷涌現(xiàn)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息online games、popular和treatment centres。文中論及全球涌現(xiàn)治療中心的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在J段，該段首句提到，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的流行，治療中心在全球如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)。其中，題干中的spring up對應(yīng)原文中的popup，由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為J。

　　48.F

　　解析：題干意為，在數(shù)日不間斷地玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲之后，幾名韓國男性因精疲力竭而死。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息several South Korean men和exhausted。文中論及韓國人受到網(wǎng)癮危害的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在F段，該段第一句提到人們一致認為上網(wǎng)成癮對人有害。該段最后一句則提到了幾名韓國男性多日持續(xù)沉浸于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，因疲勞過度而死亡的例子。由此可知，題于是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為F。

　　49.A

　　解析：題干意為，Smallwood以欺詐和疏于告知其可能游戲成癮的罪名控告NCsoft公司，并索取巨額的賠償。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Smallwood、NCsoft和fraudanditsnegligence。文中論及Smallwood的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在A段，該段提到，Craig SmMlwood因違反游戲規(guī)則，被游戲開發(fā)商韓國NCsoft公司封停了游戲賬號，為此他極度抑郁，并陷入嚴重的偏執(zhí)和幻想中。該段最后一句提到，Smallwoo以欺詐和過失為由控告NCsoft公司，聲稱該公司沒有告誡他該游戲的“網(wǎng)癮”危害，要求獲得900多萬美元的賠償金。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為A。

　　50.G

　　解析：題干意為，在韓國實行了網(wǎng)游宵禁，以阻止兒童在午夜之后繼續(xù)玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息SouthKorea和gaming curfew。文中論及韓國實行網(wǎng)游宵禁的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在G段，該段第一句提到，韓國政府要求游戲開發(fā)商對兒童采取網(wǎng)游宵禁，禁止他們在午夜到早晨8點之間玩游戲。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為G。

　　51.C

　　解析：題干意為，盡管第五版的《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計手冊》沒有將網(wǎng)癮歸為“行為成癮”，但是這種現(xiàn)象仍然需要進一步研究。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息lntemet addiction、further studied和behavioraladdiction。文中論及第五版的《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計手冊》如何界定網(wǎng)癮的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在c段。該段最后一句提到，去年，第五版《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計手冊》編撰小組決定，網(wǎng)癮將不會被劃入“行為成癮”范疇——只有賭博行為被劃入此列——但是有必要對網(wǎng)癮進一步展開研究。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為C。

　　52.K

　　解析：題干意為，一位互聯(lián)網(wǎng)專家發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)學(xué)生在意識到自己玩得太過火后，就會恢復(fù)自控。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息college students和restore self-control。文中論及大學(xué)生可以自控上網(wǎng)行為的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在K段，該段第四句提到，在對大學(xué)生展開的一項研究中，BobLaRose發(fā)現(xiàn)他們中的大多數(shù)人一旦感覺自己玩得太過火，就會恢復(fù)自控。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為K。

　　53.B

　　解析：題干意為，根據(jù)心理健康專家所說，對于很多人來說，玩電子游戲、瀏覽色情作品以及通過電子郵件和社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)收發(fā)信息這三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為可能會成為問題。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息mental-healthspecialists、video games、pornography and messagin9和problematic。文中論及這一事實的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在B段，該段第二句提到，心理健康專家認為有三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為對很多人來說可能是問題性的(即容易停不下來)：玩電子游戲、瀏覽色情作品以及通過電子郵件和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)收發(fā)信息。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。

　　54.H

　　解析：題干意為，在許多人看來，如果在一次商業(yè)午餐中，沒有人拿出手機查看信息，那這簡直是一個小的奇跡。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息miracle、a phone和a business lunch。文中論及商業(yè)午餐的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在H段。該段第三句提到，如果在一次商業(yè)午餐中，沒有人拿出手機查看信息，那么在許多人看來這都算是個小小的奇跡。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為H。

　　55.E

　　解析：題干意為，KimbedyYoung強調(diào)人們必須學(xué)會應(yīng)對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)引發(fā)的新問題。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Kimberly Young insists、new problems和the Intemet。文中論及Kimberly Young相關(guān)觀點的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在E段，該段第三句提到，Youn9強調(diào)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境具有強大的吸引力，人們必須學(xué)會應(yīng)對由其引發(fā)的新問題。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E。

　　A University Degree No Longer Confers Financial Security

　　A.Millions of school-leavers in the rich world are about to bid a tearful goodbye to their parents and start a new life at university. Some are inspired by a pure love of learning. But most also believe that spending three or four years at university--and accumulating huge debts in the process--will boost their chances of landing a well-paid and secure job.

　　B.Their elders have always told them that education is the best way to equip themselves to thrive in a globalised world. Blue-collar workers will see their jobs outsourced and automated, the familiar argument goes. School dropouts will have to cope with a life of cash-strapped (資金緊張的) insecurity. But the graduate elite will have the world at its feet. There is some evidence to support this view. A recent study from Georgetown University's Centre on Education and the Workforce argues that"obtaining a post-secondary credential ( 證書) is almost always worth it." Educational qualifications are tightly correlated with earnings: an American with a professional degree can expect to pocket $3.6m over a lifetime; one with merely a high- school diploma can expect only $1.3m. The gap between more- and less-educated earners may be widening. A study in 2002 found that someone with a bachelor's degree could expect to earn 75% more over a lifetime than someone with only a high-school diploma. Today the disparity is even greater.

　　C.But is the past a reliable guide to the future? Or are we at the beginning of a new phase in the relationship between jobs and education? There are good reasons for thinking that old patterns are about to change--and that the current recession-driven downturn (衰退) in the demand for Western graduates will morph (改變) into something structural. The strong wind of creative destruction that has shaken so many blue-collar workers over the past few decades is beginning to shake the cognitive elite as well.

　　D.The supply of university graduates is increasing rapidly. The Chronicle of Higher Education calculates that between 1990 and 2007 the number of students going to university increased by 22% in North America, 74% in Europe, 144% in Latin America and 203% in Asia. In 2007 150m people attended university around the world, including 70m in Asia. Emerging economies—specially China--are pouring resources into building universities that can compete with the elite of America and Europe. They are also producing professional- services firms snch as Tata Consulting Services and Infosys that take fresh graduates and turn them into world-class computer programmers and consultants. The best and the brightest of the rich world must increasingly compete with the best and the brightest from poorer countries who are willing to work harder for less money.

　　E. At the same time, the demand for educated labor is being reconfigured (重新配置) by technology, in much the same way that the demand for agricultural labor was reconfigured in the 19th century and that for factory labor in the 20th. Computers can not only perform repetitive mental tasks much faster than human beings. They can also empower amateurs to do what professionals once did: why hire a flesh-and-blood accountant to complete your tax return when Turbotax (a software package ) will do the job at a fraction of the cost? And the variety of jobs that computers can do is multiplying as programmers teach them to deal with tone and linguistic ambiguity.

　　F.Several economists, including Paul Krugman, have begun to argue that post-industrial societies will be characterized not by a relentless rise in demand for the educated but by a great "hollowing out", as mid-level jobs are destroyed by smart machines and high-level job growth slows. David Autor, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), points out that the main effect of automation in the computer era is not that it destroys blue-collar jobs but that it destroys any job that can be reduced to a routine. Alan Blinder of Princeton University, argues that the jobs graduates have traditionally performed are if anything more "offshorable" than low-wage ones. A plumber or lorry-driver's job cannot be outsourced to India. A computer programmer's can.

　　G. A university education is still a prerequisite for entering some of the great industries, such as medicine, law and academia (學(xué)術(shù)界), that provide secure and well-paying jobs. Over the 20th century these industries did a wonderful job of raising barriers to entry--sometimes for good reasons (nobody wants to be operated on by a barber) and sometimes for self-interested ones. But these industries are beginning to bend the roles. Newspapers are fighting a losing battle with the blogosphere. Universities are replacing tenure-track professors with non-tenured staff. Law firms are contracting out routine work such as"discovery" (digging up documents relevant to a lawsuit) to computerized-search specialists such as Blackstone Discovery. Even doctors are threatened, as patients find advice online and treatment in Walmart's new health centers.

　　H.Thomas Malone of MIT argues that these changes--automation, globalizafion and deregulation--may be part of a bigger change: the application of the division of labor to brain-work. Adam Smith's factory managers broke the production of pins into 18 components. In the same way, companies are increasingly breaking the production of brain-work into ever tinier slices. TopCoder chops up IT projects into bite-sized chunks and then serves them up to a worldwide workforce of freelance coders.

　　I.These changes will undoubtedly improve the productivity of brain-workers. They will allow consumers to sidestep (規(guī)避 ) the professional industries that have extracted high rents for their services. And they will empower many brain-workers to focus on what they are best at and contract out more tedious tasks to others. But the reconfiguration of brain-work will also make life far less cozy and predictable for the next generation of graduates.

　　46. The creative destruction that has happened to blue-collar workers in the past also starts to affect the cognitive elite.

　　47. For the next generation of graduates, life will be far less comfortable and predictable with brain-work reconfigured.

　　48. After computers are taught by programmers to deal with tone and linguistic ambiguity, the variety of jobs they can do will increase dramatically.

　　49. Most school-leavers believe that, despite the huge debts they owe, going to university will increase their chances of getting secure jobs with high salaries.

　　50. Modern companies are more likely to break the production of intellectual work into ever tinier slices.

　　51. A scholar of Princeton University claims that the jobs traditionally taken by graduates are more likely to be offshored than low-wage ones.

　　52. The income gap between an American professional degree holder and an American high-school graduate shows income is closely related to educational qualifications.

　　53. The changes in the division of brain-work will save consumers some high service fees the professional organizations charge.

　　54. Some students have always been told that. to achieve success in a globalised world, it is most advisable to equip themselves with education.

　　55. Emerging economies are providing a lot of resources to build universities to compete with the elite of America and Europe.

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ),B., C.and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　【參考譯文】

　　大學(xué)文憑不再提供鐵飯碗

　　A.發(fā)達國家的數(shù)百萬高中畢業(yè)生將要含淚告別他們的父母，開始全新的大學(xué)生活。一些人上大學(xué)純粹是出于對學(xué)習(xí)的熱愛。[49]但大多數(shù)畢業(yè)生都這樣認為：在大學(xué)里待三四年，盡管在這期間會欠下很多債務(wù)，卻可以大大增加他們獲得高薪、穩(wěn)定工作的幾率。

　　B.[54]他們的長輩們常常告誡他們，在這個全球化的世界中，要想使自己有所發(fā)展，最好的辦法就是努力學(xué)習(xí)。人們常說，藍領(lǐng)工人會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的工作被外包和自動化，中途輟學(xué)者會過著經(jīng)濟上無保障的生活，而優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生則前程似錦。有一些證據(jù)支持這種看法。喬治城大學(xué)教育和勞動力中心最近的一項研究表明，“獲得高等教育的文憑總是物有所值”。[52]學(xué)歷與收入多少息息相關(guān)：一位擁有專業(yè)學(xué)位的美國人有望在一生中轉(zhuǎn)到360萬美元，而若是僅有高中文憑則只能賺到130萬。文化程度高與文化程度低的人之間的收入差距可能還在擴大。2002年的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，有本科學(xué)歷的人在一生中會比只有高中學(xué)歷的人收入高出75%，而如今二者之間的差距變得更大。

　　C.但是，過去如此，將來也必然如此嗎?還是就業(yè)與教育之間的關(guān)系即將展開全新的一頁?我們有充分的理由相信，舊模式即將發(fā)生改變——目前的經(jīng)濟衰退使得西方國家對畢業(yè)生的需求量有所減小，這會成為一種結(jié)構(gòu)性的變化。[46]在過去幾十年里曾經(jīng)導(dǎo)致很多藍領(lǐng)工人失去飯碗的創(chuàng)造性毀滅的風(fēng)暴。現(xiàn)在也開始撼動文化精英了。

　　D.大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的人數(shù)在迅速增加。根據(jù)《高等教育編年史》，在1990年到2007年之間，北美的大學(xué)生人數(shù)增長了22%，歐洲增長了74%，拉美增長了144%，而亞洲則增長了203%。2007年，全球有1.5億大學(xué)新生，其中7000萬來自亞洲。[55]新興經(jīng)濟體，尤其是中國，傾注了眾多資源來建設(shè)能與美國和歐洲的頂級學(xué)府一爭高下的大學(xué)。這些國家還成立諸如塔塔咨詢和印孚瑟斯等專業(yè)服務(wù)公司來吸納應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生，并將他們培養(yǎng)成為世界級的電腦程序員和咨詢師。發(fā)達國家的頂尖人才必須更加努力地與愿意多勞少得的發(fā)展中國家的頂尖人才競爭。

　　E.與此同時，與19世紀對農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力的需求和20世紀對工業(yè)勞動力的需求發(fā)生的變革一樣，當(dāng)前由于技術(shù)進步，對受過教育的勞動力的需求也正在被重新配置。電腦不僅能以比人類更快的速度完成重復(fù)性的思維任務(wù)，而且還能夠讓外行去做專業(yè)人士的工作：如果Turbotax(一種軟件程序包)能以很低的成本完成納稅申報的話.那何必還要雇傭一名真正的會計來完成這項工作呢?[48]當(dāng)程序員使電腦能夠處理音調(diào)和語言歧義的問題后，電腦能夠完成的工作類別將會激增。

　　F.包括PaulKrugman在內(nèi)的一些經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認為，隨著中等水平的工作被智能機器取而代之，而高水平的工作增長放緩，后工業(yè)化社會對受教育者的需求并不會持續(xù)增加，而將會被挖空。麻省理工大學(xué)的DavidAutor指出，電腦時代的自動化的主要影響并不是它毀了藍領(lǐng)工作，而是毀了所有能轉(zhuǎn)化為執(zhí)行程序的工作。[51]普林斯頓大學(xué)的AlanBlinder認為，比起低收入的工作來說，那些傳統(tǒng)意義上由畢業(yè)生所從事的工作更可能“被外包”。水管工和貨車司機的工作不可能外包到印度去做，而電腦程序員的工作卻可以。

　　G.在諸如醫(yī)藥、法律和學(xué)術(shù)這類穩(wěn)定、高薪的高級行業(yè)中，大學(xué)學(xué)歷仍然是至關(guān)重要的敲門磚。20世紀以來，這些行業(yè)卓有成效地提高了入行門檻，有的是有充分理由的(如：沒有人想要理發(fā)師來為他們做手術(shù))，有的則出于自身利益的考慮。然而這些行業(yè)也已經(jīng)開始有所變通。報紙業(yè)正在與博客進行一場勝算渺茫的搏斗，大學(xué)正在用一些非終身制的員工代替終身教授，律師事務(wù)所將諸如“搜查資料”(即搜尋訴訟相關(guān)的文件資料)的日常工作包給了類似BlackstoneDiscovery這樣的電腦搜索專家。醫(yī)生甚至也受到了威脅，因為患者可以在沃爾瑪?shù)男陆】抵行倪M行在線咨詢和治療。

　　H.麻省理工大學(xué)的ThomasMalone表示，自動化、全球化和自由化這些變化也許只是更大變革——將勞動分工引入到腦力工作中——的冰山一角。Adam Smith的工廠管理者將大頭針的生產(chǎn)線分成了十八道工序。[50]同樣：如今的企業(yè)將腦力工作劃分得超乎以往地細致。TopCoder公司將IT項目分割成塊，然后把這些工作分攤給全球的自由程序員。

　　I.毫無疑問，這些變化將會提高腦力勞動者的生產(chǎn)率，[53]也可以使消費者能夠規(guī)避專業(yè)性行業(yè)收取的一些額的服務(wù)費用。而且這將使得許多腦力工作者能夠?qū)⒕性谒麄冏钌瞄L的領(lǐng)域，而將更多枯燥乏味的工作外包給他人。[47]但是，這種腦力工作的重新整合將使下一代畢業(yè)生的生活更加艱辛.也更加變幻莫測。

　　【答案解析】

　　46.C

　　解析：題干意為，過去發(fā)生在藍領(lǐng)工人身上的創(chuàng)造性毀滅，現(xiàn)在也開始對文化精英造成影響了。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵信息creative destruction、blue—collar和cognitive elite，便可以很快鎖定文中C段。C段最后一句提到，在過去幾十年里曾經(jīng)導(dǎo)致很多藍領(lǐng)工人失去飯碗的創(chuàng)造性毀滅的風(fēng)暴，現(xiàn)在也開始撼動文化精英了。由此可知，題干是原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為C。

　　47.I

　　解析：題干意為，對下一代畢業(yè)生來說，由于腦力工作重新整合，他們的生活將會更加艱辛和變幻莫測。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息for tlle next generation of graduates和predicmble。文中I段最后一句提到，但是，這種腦力工作的重新整合將使下一代畢業(yè)生的生活更加艱辛，也更加變幻莫測。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。故答案為I。

　　48.E

　　解析：題干意為，當(dāng)程序員教會了電腦處理音調(diào)和語言歧義問題后，電腦能夠完成的工作種類將顯著增多。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息toneandlinguistic ambiguity和mevariety ofjobs。文中E段最后一句提到，當(dāng)程序員使電腦能夠處理音調(diào)和語言歧義的問題后，電腦能夠完成的工作類別將會激增。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E。

　　49.A

　　解析：題干意為，多數(shù)畢業(yè)生認為，盡管會欠下很多債務(wù)，但是上大學(xué)會使他們更有可能獲得一份薪水較高的穩(wěn)定工作。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息sch001.1eavers、huge debts和chances。文中A段末句提到，大多數(shù)畢業(yè)生都這樣認為：在大學(xué)里待三四年可以大大增加他們獲得高薪、穩(wěn)定工作的幾率，盡管在這個過程中會欠下很多債務(wù)。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為A。

　　50.H

　　解析：題干意為，企業(yè)越來越傾向于將腦力工作劃分得超乎以往地細致。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息companies和evertinier slices。文中論及腦力工作分工的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在H段，該段第三句提到，同樣，如今的企業(yè)將腦力工作劃分得超乎以往地細致。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為H。

　　51.F

　　解析：題干意為，普林斯頓大學(xué)的一位學(xué)者認為，那些傳統(tǒng)上由畢業(yè)生所從事的工作比低薪工作更可能被外包出去。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息PrincetonUniversity、traditionally和low.wageones。F段倒數(shù)第三句提到，普林斯頓大學(xué)的AlanBlinder認為，比起低收入的工作來說，畢業(yè)生所從事的傳統(tǒng)工作更可能“被外包”。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為F。

　　52.B.

　　解析：題干意為，一位擁有專業(yè)學(xué)位的美國人和僅有高中文憑的美國人之間的收入差距表明，收入與學(xué)歷息息相關(guān)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息gap、professional degree、high—school和educational qualifications。文中論及收入差距的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在B段，該段第七句提到，學(xué)歷與收入多少息息相關(guān)：一位擁有專業(yè)學(xué)位的美國人有望在一生中賺到360萬美元，而若是僅有高中文憑則只能賺到130萬。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。

　　53.I

　　解析：題干意為，腦力工作的細分使消費者能夠規(guī)避那些專業(yè)機構(gòu)收取的高額服務(wù)費。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息consumers和professional。文中I段第二句提到，這些變化使消費者能夠規(guī)避專業(yè)性行業(yè)收取的一些高額的服務(wù)費用。根據(jù)上下文，可知“它們”指的是“腦力工作的細化”。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為I。

　　54.B

　　解析：題干意為，學(xué)生們常常被告知，要想在這個全球化的世界中取得成功，最好的辦法就是努力學(xué)習(xí)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息a globalised world、equip themselves和education。文中B段第一句提到，長輩們常常告誡他們，在這個全球化的世界中，要想使自己有所發(fā)展，最好的辦法就是努力學(xué)習(xí)。由此可見。題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。

　　55.D

　　解析：題干意為，新興經(jīng)濟體正在為建設(shè)大學(xué)提供大量的資源，以便能與美國和歐洲的頂級學(xué)府一爭高下。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息emerging economies、resources和me elite of America and Europe。文中D段第四句提到，新興經(jīng)濟體，尤其是中國，傾注了眾多資源來建設(shè)能與美國和歐洲的頂級學(xué)府一爭高下的大學(xué)。由此可見，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為D。