自學(xué)考試綜合英語(yǔ)（二）語(yǔ)法及課后翻譯
時(shí)間：
未知2
公共課
一、語(yǔ)法 Grammar & Usage
Subject-Verb Agreement (I)
1.主謂一致的三條原則
1)語(yǔ)法一致，即在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致。
Human beings enjoy learning.
Everybody's understanding is incomplete.
2)意義一致，即根據(jù)意義來(lái)處理一致關(guān)系。
The people there are fighting for the independence of their country.
The dollars was a lot of money at that time.
3)就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。
There is a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil box.
Neither the boy nor his teachers know the answer.
2.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)與動(dòng)詞的一致
1)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為furniture， equipment， machinery等詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。
The furniture in that shop is all made in China.
Office equipment is very expensive nowadays.
A lot of new machinery has been installed.
2)集體名詞如people， cattle， police， poultry，等往往作復(fù)數(shù)用。
Some people drive madly in this country.
Many cattle have died because of the fold.
The police have been sent there but they have not made any arrests yet.
Poultry are plentiful in that mountain region.
3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等詞被視做一個(gè)整體時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞作單數(shù);被視做為構(gòu)成整體的個(gè)體時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞則為復(fù)數(shù)。
His family is a happy one.
His family are all interested in stamp-collecting.
The Democratic Government is in power now.
The government is/are considering further tax cuts.
The audience was very quite when he was giving his speech.
The audience were shouting and laughing when he came into the hall.
Our class is the top class in the grade.
The class are busy taking notes.
3.并列主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞的一致
1)當(dāng)“名詞+名詞”表示一種事物時(shí)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Bacon and eggs is a very popular British breakfast.
Toast and marmalade (果醬面包) is my favorite breakfast.
Fish and chips (炸魚與土豆片) is served every day.
2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是由and， both ….and 連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果主語(yǔ)所指的不是一種事物，動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Jack and Mary are in love with each other.
Both Tom and John are absent today.
War, famine and drought have claimed thousands of lives in that country.
3)在又or或 nor連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式一般與or 或 nor 后邊的名詞或代詞保持一致。
He or his brothers are to blame for this.
Either you or your friend has to pay the bill.
Either his father or his mother comes to see him every day.
When couples quarrel, (either) the wife or the husband has to give in.
Neither she nor you are mistaken.
Neither the manager nor the clerks are college graduates.
4) not only … but also 連接的結(jié)構(gòu)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依據(jù)but also 后的名詞或代詞。
Not only Fred but also his parents love this small pet dog.
Not only the boys but also their mother is very ell.
課后練習(xí)
Translate the following into English.
1) Use the verb + noun collocation.
出席會(huì)議 to attend a meeting 干的不錯(cuò) to do a good job
體驗(yàn)苦難 to experience bitterness 自學(xué)英語(yǔ) to teach oneself English
發(fā)現(xiàn)奇跡 to discover wonders 忍住咳嗽 to hold back one's cough
掌握技能 to master skills 獲取知識(shí) to acquire knowledge
需要勇氣 to require courage 豐富生活 to enrich one's life
接受修正 to accept rectification 改正錯(cuò)誤 to correct mistakes
不再指望 to cherish no hope 作出努力 to make efforts
2)Use the “useful expressions”.
1.新造的大橋坍塌了，一名工程師和兩名地方官員為此受到刑事起訴。
The collapse of the big newly-built bridge led to criminal prosecution against an engineer and two local government officials.
2.他工作了一天，午飯都沒動(dòng)。
He worked all day, leaving his lunch untouched.
3.經(jīng)常性的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)使學(xué)生身體強(qiáng)壯，更好的適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)，決不是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
Far from being a waste of time, regular sports activities make students physically strong and deal with their study better.
4.在海洋世界公園，海豹和海豚能夠表演各種技巧，逗的小觀眾們樂不可支。
The seals and dolphins in the Sea World are capable of various acting techniques, and this makes children audience overjoyed.
5.把快樂建立在別人痛苦之上的人遲早要受到報(bào)應(yīng)的。
Those who take delight in other people's pain will suffer retribution sooner or later.
6.在某些方面，那部新字典有不少地方需要改進(jìn)。
In some respects, that new dictionary has much to be improved.
7.當(dāng)那輛公共汽車沖進(jìn)路邊翻了車時(shí)，許多小朋友被困在里邊。
When that bush rushed out of the road and turned over, many children got trapped in it.
8.在開幕式上，市政府將為一千多明來(lái)賓提供飲食。
At the opening ceremony, the municipal government will provide food and drink for more than 1,000 guests.
9.在中國(guó)，城市家庭只允許生一個(gè)孩子。
In China, every urban family is restricted to only one child.
10.只要我們能得到點(diǎn)休息，去哪里并不重要。
As long as we can get a little rest, is doesn't matter where we go.
3)Use learn, ask and teach.
1.那位男孩向警察詢問(wèn)去火車站怎么走。
That boy asked the policeman how to get to the railway station.
2.學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)沒有任何捷徑可走。
There are no shortcuts to learning a foreign language.
3.獲悉我最喜歡的數(shù)學(xué)老師仍然在那所學(xué)校教書我決定去看他。
Learning that my favourite maths teacher is still teaching in that school, I decided to visit him.
4.這位老工人教育他的子女做人要誠(chéng)實(shí)。
This veteran worker taught his children to be honest.
5.他問(wèn)老板那天他是否可以早點(diǎn)離開辦公室。
He asked his boss whether he could leave off work a little earlier that day.
6.艱難困苦使我們對(duì)我們現(xiàn)有的一切感到滿意。
Difficulties and hardships teach us to be grateful for all that we have already had.
7.畢業(yè)時(shí)他要求到西藏去工作一年。
On his graduation, he asked to work in Tibet for one year.
8.我只不過(guò)是想關(guān)心別人，也希望受到他人的關(guān)心，我的要求并不過(guò)分。
All I want to do is just to show my care for others, and I hope to be treated in the same way by others. I am not asking too much.
9.聰明人從自己的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)。
Wise men learn lessons from their own mistakes.
10. 求援是沒有用的，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)早過(guò)了午夜。
Since it is well after midnight, there is no point in asking for help.
11.那位科學(xué)家教育他的學(xué)生說(shuō)年輕人要面向未來(lái)?？荚嚧笫占?br/> That scientist taught his students that young people should be gearing themselves for the future.
12.問(wèn)及她生活的最大樂趣時(shí)，她說(shuō)“學(xué)習(xí)”。
When asked what was the greatest pleasure in her life, she replied “learning”.
Subject-Verb Agreement (I)
1.主謂一致的三條原則
1)語(yǔ)法一致，即在語(yǔ)法形式上取得一致。
Human beings enjoy learning.
Everybody's understanding is incomplete.
2)意義一致，即根據(jù)意義來(lái)處理一致關(guān)系。
The people there are fighting for the independence of their country.
The dollars was a lot of money at that time.
3)就近原則，即謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(yǔ)。
There is a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil box.
Neither the boy nor his teachers know the answer.
2.集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)與動(dòng)詞的一致
1)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為furniture， equipment， machinery等詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。
The furniture in that shop is all made in China.
Office equipment is very expensive nowadays.
A lot of new machinery has been installed.
2)集體名詞如people， cattle， police， poultry，等往往作復(fù)數(shù)用。
Some people drive madly in this country.
Many cattle have died because of the fold.
The police have been sent there but they have not made any arrests yet.
Poultry are plentiful in that mountain region.
3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等詞被視做一個(gè)整體時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞作單數(shù);被視做為構(gòu)成整體的個(gè)體時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞則為復(fù)數(shù)。
His family is a happy one.
His family are all interested in stamp-collecting.
The Democratic Government is in power now.
The government is/are considering further tax cuts.
The audience was very quite when he was giving his speech.
The audience were shouting and laughing when he came into the hall.
Our class is the top class in the grade.
The class are busy taking notes.
3.并列主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞的一致
1)當(dāng)“名詞+名詞”表示一種事物時(shí)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
Bacon and eggs is a very popular British breakfast.
Toast and marmalade (果醬面包) is my favorite breakfast.
Fish and chips (炸魚與土豆片) is served every day.
2)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是由and， both ….and 連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，如果主語(yǔ)所指的不是一種事物，動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Jack and Mary are in love with each other.
Both Tom and John are absent today.
War, famine and drought have claimed thousands of lives in that country.
3)在又or或 nor連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞單、復(fù)數(shù)形式一般與or 或 nor 后邊的名詞或代詞保持一致。
He or his brothers are to blame for this.
Either you or your friend has to pay the bill.
Either his father or his mother comes to see him every day.
When couples quarrel, (either) the wife or the husband has to give in.
Neither she nor you are mistaken.
Neither the manager nor the clerks are college graduates.
4) not only … but also 連接的結(jié)構(gòu)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式依據(jù)but also 后的名詞或代詞。
Not only Fred but also his parents love this small pet dog.
Not only the boys but also their mother is very ell.
課后練習(xí)
Translate the following into English.
1) Use the verb + noun collocation.
出席會(huì)議 to attend a meeting 干的不錯(cuò) to do a good job
體驗(yàn)苦難 to experience bitterness 自學(xué)英語(yǔ) to teach oneself English
發(fā)現(xiàn)奇跡 to discover wonders 忍住咳嗽 to hold back one's cough
掌握技能 to master skills 獲取知識(shí) to acquire knowledge
需要勇氣 to require courage 豐富生活 to enrich one's life
接受修正 to accept rectification 改正錯(cuò)誤 to correct mistakes
不再指望 to cherish no hope 作出努力 to make efforts
2)Use the “useful expressions”.
1.新造的大橋坍塌了，一名工程師和兩名地方官員為此受到刑事起訴。
The collapse of the big newly-built bridge led to criminal prosecution against an engineer and two local government officials.
2.他工作了一天，午飯都沒動(dòng)。
He worked all day, leaving his lunch untouched.
3.經(jīng)常性的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)使學(xué)生身體強(qiáng)壯，更好的適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)，決不是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
Far from being a waste of time, regular sports activities make students physically strong and deal with their study better.
4.在海洋世界公園，海豹和海豚能夠表演各種技巧，逗的小觀眾們樂不可支。
The seals and dolphins in the Sea World are capable of various acting techniques, and this makes children audience overjoyed.
5.把快樂建立在別人痛苦之上的人遲早要受到報(bào)應(yīng)的。
Those who take delight in other people's pain will suffer retribution sooner or later.
6.在某些方面，那部新字典有不少地方需要改進(jìn)。
In some respects, that new dictionary has much to be improved.
7.當(dāng)那輛公共汽車沖進(jìn)路邊翻了車時(shí)，許多小朋友被困在里邊。
When that bush rushed out of the road and turned over, many children got trapped in it.
8.在開幕式上，市政府將為一千多明來(lái)賓提供飲食。
At the opening ceremony, the municipal government will provide food and drink for more than 1,000 guests.
9.在中國(guó)，城市家庭只允許生一個(gè)孩子。
In China, every urban family is restricted to only one child.
10.只要我們能得到點(diǎn)休息，去哪里并不重要。
As long as we can get a little rest, is doesn't matter where we go.
3)Use learn, ask and teach.
1.那位男孩向警察詢問(wèn)去火車站怎么走。
That boy asked the policeman how to get to the railway station.
2.學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)沒有任何捷徑可走。
There are no shortcuts to learning a foreign language.
3.獲悉我最喜歡的數(shù)學(xué)老師仍然在那所學(xué)校教書我決定去看他。
Learning that my favourite maths teacher is still teaching in that school, I decided to visit him.
4.這位老工人教育他的子女做人要誠(chéng)實(shí)。
This veteran worker taught his children to be honest.
5.他問(wèn)老板那天他是否可以早點(diǎn)離開辦公室。
He asked his boss whether he could leave off work a little earlier that day.
6.艱難困苦使我們對(duì)我們現(xiàn)有的一切感到滿意。
Difficulties and hardships teach us to be grateful for all that we have already had.
7.畢業(yè)時(shí)他要求到西藏去工作一年。
On his graduation, he asked to work in Tibet for one year.
8.我只不過(guò)是想關(guān)心別人，也希望受到他人的關(guān)心，我的要求并不過(guò)分。
All I want to do is just to show my care for others, and I hope to be treated in the same way by others. I am not asking too much.
9.聰明人從自己的錯(cuò)誤中吸取教訓(xùn)。
Wise men learn lessons from their own mistakes.
10. 求援是沒有用的，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)早過(guò)了午夜。
Since it is well after midnight, there is no point in asking for help.
11.那位科學(xué)家教育他的學(xué)生說(shuō)年輕人要面向未來(lái)?？荚嚧笫占?br/> That scientist taught his students that young people should be gearing themselves for the future.
12.問(wèn)及她生活的最大樂趣時(shí)，她說(shuō)“學(xué)習(xí)”。
When asked what was the greatest pleasure in her life, she replied “learning”.