There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain hisimmediate goal only io find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him.When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message. be istold emphatically that such a racket (叫嚷) is unpleasant, that he should walk into the nextroom and say his say quietly. Thus. the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid withthe desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child leamsis that he gets moreaffection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award someactions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves.

　　In finding trial responses. the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates theperson who seemsa good person to be like. rather than a person whose social status hewished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy thetechniques of capable players;while some other person may most influence his approach tobooks.

　　Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole. and he becomes anidentifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations. imitatingmuch that they do. We leam that they are dependable and rewarding models becauseimitating them leads to success.

　　[1]斷言孩子們通過模仿來學習。而教育的方式就是樹立好的榜樣，這是把問題過于簡單化了。沒有一個孩子是看到什么就模仿什么的。有時，他無視家長希望他效仿的榜樣，反而向其他榜樣學一些截然相反的方式。[l]照此我們應當放棄“小猴看樣學樣”的觀點，轉而探索更深奧的理論。

　　從孩子的立場來看看這個問題。他處于新情況下，沒有形成現成的反應。[2]他尋找一個能夠實現一定目的的反應。如果他對這一新情況既沒有現成反應，又不能想出該怎么去做，他會選擇一個榜樣來觀察，這個榜樣看起來能獲得正確的結果，他會尋找一個能指導他如何去做的權威或專家。

　　這種情況下還有一種因素在起作用。[3]孩子們也許能夠立刻實現他們的直接目標，卻發現他的這種做法遭到其監護人的批評。當他隔著屋子大聲喊叫著傳話的時候，他被極力告誡叫嚷是不禮貌的，他應當走進隔壁房間，安靜地說。這樣一來，單純應付客觀情況的愿望就被恰當處理該情況的愿望壓倒。孩子們較早就知道的事情之一就是，當他的父母滿意他的反應時，他就會得到更多的關愛和表揚。后來進一步得知別的大人獎勵一些行為而批評另一些行為。[3]如果一個人想要保持自尊和別人對他的支持，他就必須采取被其所處的社會團體認同的反應。

　　[5]在尋找可行的反應時，學習者不會隨便選擇模仿對象。[4]他模仿那些看上去值得效仿的人，而避免模仿那些社會身份他自己并不認同的人。如果這個學生想成為一個卓越的小提琴手，他就會觀察并模仿一個出色琴手的技巧，而另外某個人則最可能影響他接近書籍。

　　[5]對一個人某一方面品質的崇拜常常使我從整體上崇拜這個人，于是他成了名人。我們把一些人當成各種情形下模仿的對象，模仿他們的一舉一動。我們知道他們是可靠、值得模仿的對象，因為模仿他們可以走向成功。

　　1. By the last sentence of the first paragraph,the author_______________.

　　A) compares children’s behaviors to monkeys'

　　B) tells us that children do not learn by imitation

　　C) thinks it is partial co regard imitation as "Monkeysee, monkey do"

　　D) means that children should not learn by imitating their parents

　　2. The first element at work when a child learns by imitation is__________________.

　　A) the need to find a way to attain the desired goal

　　B) the desire to be acknowledged by his social group

　　C) the desire to find an expert and authority

　　D) the need to find a way to avoid criticism

　　3. According to the third paragraph, besides achieving his goals. a child should alsoleam to_____.

　　A) attain his desired results as soon as possible

　　B) show his love for his parents and friends

　　C) talk in a low voice

　　D) behave properly

　　4. It can be inferred that children usually imitate people______________.

　　A) who do not scold them

　　B) who they want to be like

　　C) who have a high social status

　　D) who give them many rewards

　　5. The last two paragraphs are mainly about_________________.

　　A) how children leam by imitation

　　B) the motive of children’s imitation

　　C) how children choose models

　　D) how imitation influence children’s growth