In seeking the interpretation of these most interesting and elaborate adaptations,attempts have been made along two lines. The first seeks to explain the effect as a result of thedirect influence of the environment upon the individual (G.L.L.Buffon), or by the inheritedeffects of efforts and the use and disuse of parts (J.B.P.Lamarck). The second believes thatnatural selection produced the result and afterwards maintained it by the survival of the bestconcealed in each generation. The former suggestion breaks down when the complex natureof numerous special resemblances is appreciated. Thus the arrangement of colors of manykinds into an appropriate pattern requires the cooperation of a suitable shape and therigidly exact adoption of a certain elaborate attitude. The latter is instinctive and thusdepends on the central nervous system. The cryptic effect is due to the exact cooperation ofall these factors; and in the present state of science, the only possible hole of an interpretationlies in the theory of natural selection, which can accumulate any and every variation whichtends toward survival. A few of the chief types of methods by which concealment is effectedmay be briefly described. The colors of large numbers of vertebrate animals are darkest on theback and become gradually lighter on the sides, passing into white on the belly. Abbot H.Thayer has suggested that this gradation obliterates the appearance of solidity, which is dueto shadow. The color harmony, which is also essential to concealment, is produced becausethe back is of the same tint as the environment (e. g. earth), bathed in the cold blue-white ofthe sky, while the belly, being cold blue-white and bathed in shadow and yellow earthreflections produces the same effects. This method of neutralizing shadow for the purpose ofconcealment by increased lightness of tint was first suggested by E.B.Poulton in the case of alarva and a pupa, but he did not appreciate the great importance of the principle. In ananalogous method an animal in front of a background of dark shadow may have part of itsbody obliterated by the existence of a dark tint, the remainder resembling, e.g., a part of aleaf. This method of rendering invisible any part which would interfere with the resemblanceis well know in mimicry.

　　1. The black and white stripes of the zebra are most useful form

　　[A]. hunters. [B]. nocturnal predators

　　[C]. lions and tigers. [C]. insectivorous Vertrbrata

　　2. Aggressive resemblance occurs when

　　[A]. a predaceous attitude is assumed.

　　[B]. special resemblance is utilized.

　　[C]. an animal relies on speed.

　　[D]. an animal blends in with its background.

　　3. Special resemblance differs from general resemblance in that the animal relies on

　　[A]. its ability to frighten its adversary. [B]. speed.

　　[C]. its ability to assume an attitude. [D]. mistaken identify

　　4. The title below that best expresses the ides of this passage is

　　[A]. Cryptic coloration for Protection. [B]. How Animals Survive.

　　[C]. The uses of Mimicry in Nature. [D]. Resemblances of Animals.

　　5. Of the following which is the least common?

　　[A]. protective resemblance. [B]. General resemblance.

　　[C]. Aggressive resemblance. [D]. Special resemblance.

　　答案詳解：

　　1. B. 夜間活動(dòng)的食肉動(dòng)物。見難句譯注4，斑馬的黑白相間顏色的比例正好和月光下所見的貧瘠土地的蒼白的色澤相吻合。當(dāng)然能保護(hù)斑馬夜間免遭這些食肉動(dòng)物的襲擊。A. 捕獲者。 C. 獅子和老虎。D. 食蟲的脊椎動(dòng)物

　　2. A. 在裝成捕食其他動(dòng)物的姿勢(shì)時(shí)。B. 應(yīng)該專門模仿。 C. 動(dòng)物依賴速度。 D. 動(dòng)物和背景混在一起。

　　3. D. 搞錯(cuò)/認(rèn)錯(cuò)了動(dòng)物(身份)(mistaken identify 認(rèn)錯(cuò)了人之義)。見第一段最后一句話，它不像一般模仿那樣，通過動(dòng)物和背景難以辨別從而從視覺中隱藏起來，它是被誤認(rèn)為某種著名動(dòng)物。A. 用以嚇走它的對(duì)手(敵人)的能力。 B. 速度。 C. 采用某種姿勢(shì)的能力。

　　4. C. 自然界模擬的運(yùn)動(dòng)。文章一開始就點(diǎn)命保護(hù)色迄今為止生存斗爭中最常用的一種顏色，常用于進(jìn)攻和防衛(wèi)。保護(hù)色常和其他措施相配合，首先提到速度，見難句譯注1。然后講到保護(hù)色分類，一般(普通)和特殊(專門)模擬/模仿。第二段解釋或說明模擬適應(yīng)性。第一種解釋為環(huán)境使然/影響。第二種認(rèn)為是自然界選擇之結(jié)果。A. 為了保衛(wèi)的保護(hù)色。 B. 動(dòng)物是如何存活下來。 D. 動(dòng)物之模仿性。

　　5. C. 進(jìn)攻性(侵犯性)模仿。見難句譯注2。A. 保護(hù)色模仿。 B. 一般性模仿。 D. 專項(xiàng)模仿。