The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.

　　“If they know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.

　　In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　1. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward ____.

　　A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards

　　B) the appropriate amount of external rewards

　　C) the study of relationship between actions and

　　D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance

　　2. What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students?

　　A) They approve of external rewards.

　　B) They don't think external rewards.

　　C) They have doubts about external rewards.

　　D) They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not college students.

　　3. According to the result of the study mentioned in the passage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity?

　　A) Give rewards for performances which deserve them.

　　B) Always promise rewards.

　　C) Assign tasks which are not very challenging.

　　D) Be more lenient to students when mistakes are made.

　　4. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ____.

　　A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students’

　　B) punishment is more effective than rewarding

　　C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards

　　D) discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency

　　5.Which of the following facts about “token economics” is not correct?

　　A) Students are assigned challenging tasks.

　　B) Rewards are given for good performances.

　　C) Students are evaluated according to the effort they put into the task.

　　D) With token economics, students’ creativity can be enhanced.

　　答案與解析：

　　1. D

　　心理學(xué)家認(rèn)為外界的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)對(duì)學(xué)生會(huì)有不同的影響。事實(shí)辨析題。根據(jù)文章第一句話“Psychologists take opposing views of how external re wards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity”可知，心理學(xué)家的分歧在于來自外界的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)對(duì)學(xué)生的積極性和創(chuàng)造性究竟有什么影響，故選項(xiàng)D正確.

　　2. C

　　許多教育家對(duì)外界的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)持懷疑態(tài)度。

　　文章第二段第一句話提到，后一種觀點(diǎn)得到了許多教育工作者的支持，從第一段中可知，后一種觀點(diǎn)是：獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)會(huì)促使學(xué)生對(duì)別人的贊許和饋贈(zèng)產(chǎn)生依賴心理，因此獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)會(huì)破壞創(chuàng)造精神。由此可知，他們對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的正面作用持懷疑態(tài)度。故選項(xiàng)C正確。

　　3. A

　　根據(jù)文中的研究結(jié)果表明，教育家通過給予學(xué)生應(yīng)得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)來提高他們的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。文章第三段指出，給予學(xué)生恰當(dāng)?shù)莫?jiǎng)勵(lì)，可使他們發(fā)揮更大的創(chuàng)造性，但如果對(duì)糟糕的表現(xiàn)也給予獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，或讓學(xué)生對(duì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有太多的期許，反而會(huì)扼殺創(chuàng)造性。故選項(xiàng)A正確。

　　4. B

　　從文中可以得知，一些重點(diǎn)大學(xué)試圖加強(qiáng)等級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈艖土P比獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)更有效。事實(shí)辨析題。從文中第四段可知，許多大學(xué)之所以嚴(yán)格考試的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是因?yàn)?ldquo;A teacher ... who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students”。選項(xiàng)B 與此意相同。

　　5. C

　　根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)對(duì)他們作出評(píng)價(jià)。事實(shí)辨析題。根據(jù)最后一段的意思，在這種獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)制度下，要根據(jù)學(xué)生的表現(xiàn)對(duì)他們做出評(píng)價(jià)，而不僅僅是他們花費(fèi)了多少精力來完成任務(wù)，故選項(xiàng)C正確。

　　英語四級(jí)閱讀理解精選練習(xí)二：

　　Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”, “Real Estate”, “Lost and Found” are made, the rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser.

　　The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on this account, use a very

　　small advertisement if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs.

　　As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get the reader’s attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the reader’s attention. In many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertisement has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate advertising?

　　1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for advertisers EXCEPT that ____.

　　A) classified advertisement charges less money

　　B) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumers

　　C) it provides more information for the readers

　　D) it does not have to rely too much on display type

　　2. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is ____

　　A) houses for sale

　　B) people who are asking for help

　　C) people who are lost

　　D) job vacancies

　　3. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisement, according to the writer?

　　A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.

　　B) They are looking for something they need.

　　C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.

　　D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.

　　4.According to the passage, in which way have the classified advertisements changed nowadays?

　　A) They depend more on display type.

　　B) More money is charged for them.

　　C) They are divided into more groups.

　　D) They are less formal.

　　5.Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance?

　　A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.

　　B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.

　　C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be small now.

　　D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition among advertisers.

　　答案與解析：

　　1. C

　　分類廣告的優(yōu)越性不包括為讀者提供更多的信息。事實(shí)辨析題。從文中可看出，分類廣告的優(yōu)越性在于收費(fèi)低、無需很多的展現(xiàn)形式，以及更易吸引對(duì)某類廣告感興趣的讀者的注意力，因此A，B，D都正確。文中唯獨(dú)沒有提到C。

　　2. A

　　房地產(chǎn)業(yè)就是分類廣告的其中一塊。細(xì)節(jié)題。本題考察對(duì)“Real Estate”的理解，它的意思是“房地產(chǎn)”，故選項(xiàng)A 正確。

　　3. B

　　當(dāng)讀者看分類廣告時(shí)，他們會(huì)搜索自己需要的信息。事實(shí)辨析題。從文中可知，讀者在看分類廣告時(shí)和看展示廣告的注意力的模式是不一樣的，他們會(huì)去瀏覽自己感興趣的類別，查找所需信息。故選項(xiàng)B正確。

　　4. A

　　根據(jù)文章，分類廣告更多地依賴展現(xiàn)形式。推斷題。文章最后指出，由于競爭的加劇，分類廣告商們不得不用大標(biāo)題和圖片來吸引讀者的注意力。故選項(xiàng)A正確。

　　5. D

　　因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在更多廣告的投入和廣告商之間的競爭日益加劇，所以分類廣告不斷變化形式。事實(shí)辨析題。文中指出，分類廣告的變化是由于“With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the reader’s attention”，故選項(xiàng)D正確。