Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on a smaller scale, faces practically every company, trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so, they can put into circulation the savings of individual and institutions, both at home and overseas.

　　When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.

　　Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the Govern mentor by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The Government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they too, come to the Stock Exchange.

　　There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another, this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stocky Exchange exists top rovide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.

　　56. Almost all companies trying to develop new products and creating new jobs have to

　　A) persuade the banks to provide long-term finance

　　B) rely on their own financial resources

　　C) borrow large sums of money from friends and relatives

　　D) depend on the population as a whole for finance

　　57. The money, which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects, is

　　A) raised by the selling of shares in the companies

　　B) repaid to its original owners as soon as possible

　　C) raised by putting into circulation of the savings of individual overseas

　　D) invested in different companies on the Stock Exchange

　　58. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the government, local authorities and nationalized industries

　　A) to make certain everybody saves money

　　B) to borrow as much money as they wish

　　C) to raise money to finance new developments

　　D) to make certain everybody lends money to them

　　59. All the essential services on which we depend are

　　A) run by the Government or our local authorities

　　B) in constant need of financial support

　　C) unable to meet the needs of the populations

　　D) financed wholly by rates and taxes

　　60. When the savers want their money back they

　　A) transfer their money to a more successful company

　　B) have to borrow money from other people

　　C) put their shares in the company back on the market

　　D) go to the company to take it back

　　Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.

　　Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.

　　During the hours when you lab our through your work you may say that you're "hot". That's true.

　　The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues as: "Get up, John! You'll be late for work again!" The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what the seenergy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.

　　You can't change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr. Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late any way. Counteract your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning, but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam and work better at your low point.

　　Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiting more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.

　　61. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _____ .

　　A) he is a lazy person

　　B) he refuses to follow his own energy cycle

　　C) he is not sure when his energy is low

　　D) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening

　　62. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?

　　A) Unawareness of energy cycles.

　　B) Familiar monologues.

　　C) A change in a family member's energy cycle.

　　D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.

　　63. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should_____ .

　　A) change his energy cycle

　　B) overcome his laziness

　　C) get up earlier than usual

　　D) go to bed earlier

　　64. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will

　　A) help to keep your energy for the day's work

　　B) help you to control your temper early in the day

　　C) enable you to concentrate on your routine work

　　D) keep your energy cycle under control all day

　　65. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

　　A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.

　　B) Dr. Kletman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day.

　　C) Habit helps a person adapt to his own energy cycle.

　　D) Children have energy cycles, too.