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自考英語(yǔ)(一)復(fù)習(xí)資料第四章(2)

時(shí)間: 未知2 公共課

  本課簡(jiǎn)介
  本課介紹了在如何增強(qiáng)記憶方面心理學(xué)所做的研究。信息的意義,組織,聯(lián)想和想像是有助于記憶的幾個(gè)基本原則。如何運(yùn)用這些基本原則呢?課文對(duì)此一一作了介紹,條理十分清楚。學(xué)了本課,相信會(huì)有收獲。
  本課語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)
  1. Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.
  research 在本句中做名詞,這個(gè)詞也可以做動(dòng)詞用。請(qǐng)看下面的例句,注意research的詞類(lèi)和用法:
  Scientists have been researching on / into the causes of brain damage.
  (科學(xué)家們一直對(duì)腦損傷的起因進(jìn)行研究。)
focus on 是一個(gè)常用詞組,意思是“集中”,在生詞部分已作了較為詳細(xì)的講解,在此,請(qǐng)翻譯幾個(gè)句子:
   她覺(jué)得很不自在,因?yàn)樗械哪抗舛甲⒁曋#⊿he felt very uneasy as all eyes were focused on her.)
  a number of 的意思是“許多”。請(qǐng)看下面的例句,注意a number of 和the number of 的區(qū)別:
  1) A number of factories have been shut down because of pollution problems.
  (由于污染問(wèn)題許多工廠被關(guān)閉了。)
  2) The number of students in our school increases every year.(我們學(xué)校的學(xué)生人數(shù)每年都在增加。)
  2. It is useful to know how these principles work.
  it 在句中做形式主語(yǔ),真正的主語(yǔ)to know how these principles work,此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)我們?cè)诘谝缓偷诙卧延辛私狻U?qǐng)看下面的句子:
   It is important to find out why the forest fire broke out.(找出森林大火的原因很重要。)
  It is difficult to know what he is thinking about.(要想知道他在想什么很困難。)
  work 在本句中的意思是“起作用;產(chǎn)生影響”,
  3. Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels.
  affect 是動(dòng)詞,意思是“影響”。常常會(huì)有一些英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者把動(dòng)詞affect和名詞effect混淆,請(qǐng)注意下面的句子:
  1) The drought would surely affect the harvest.(這場(chǎng)干旱肯定會(huì)影響到收成。)
  2) We could all see the effects of the illness on him.(我們都能看出那場(chǎng)病在的身上的影響。)
  4. Information that doesn’t make any sense to you is difficult to remember.
  that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾information; 主句是Information is difficult to remember.
  不定式to remember 用在做表語(yǔ)用的形容詞后面作狀語(yǔ)。
  make sense 的意思是“有意義;可理解”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
  His explanation makes no sense to his students.(學(xué)生們不理解他的解釋。)
  5. Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember.
  動(dòng)詞不定式to remember在句中做定語(yǔ),修飾名詞ability.請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
  He has kept the promise to come early in the morning.(他遵守了一大早來(lái)的諾言。)
  make a difference 的意思是“有關(guān)系;有影響;起作用”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
  1) What he said would not make any difference in my decision-making.
  (他說(shuō)的話不會(huì)對(duì)我做決定產(chǎn)生任何影響。)
  2) Your participation in the work will make a great difference.(你參與我們的工作,情況就不一樣了。)
  6. Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
  句中的better是副詞well的比較級(jí)形式,意思是“更好地”。請(qǐng)看下面的句子:
  This job is better paid than that one.(這份工作的報(bào)酬比那份高。)
  information是一個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞,不能在其后加“-s”。請(qǐng)看例句:
  7. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
  在第一單元的Text B中我們已經(jīng)對(duì)consist of有所了解。這一詞組的意思是“由…組成”,它與be made up of;be composed of 的意思相近,但consist of 不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。請(qǐng)看例句:
  1) The United States consists of 50 states.(美國(guó)由50個(gè)州組成。)
  2) Our class is made up of 45 students.(我們班由45名同學(xué)組成。)
  a bit在句中的意思是“一點(diǎn),一些”,它可以用在形容詞的前面, 但是不能用在名詞的前面。在名詞前面必須用a bit of.請(qǐng)看下面的例句:
  1) I am a bit tired today.(我今天有點(diǎn)累。)
  2) I would appreciate it if you could give me a bit of good advice.
  (如果你能給我一點(diǎn)寶貴建議我會(huì)很感激的。)
  8. Categorizing is another means of organization.
  句中的means是一個(gè)名詞,意思是“方式;手段”,它不是動(dòng)詞mean的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。請(qǐng)看下面的例句:
  Email is a modern means of communication. (電子郵件是一種現(xiàn)代通訊方式。)
  9. Many people will group them into similar categories and remember them as follows:
  group into在句中的意思是“把…分組;把…歸類(lèi)”。請(qǐng)看例句:
  as follows 的意思是“如下”,請(qǐng)看例句:
  1) The full text reads as follows: (全文如下:)
  2) The results are as follows: (結(jié)果如下:)
  10Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
  劃線部分是該句的主要成分,forming an integrated image動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ),can help做謂語(yǔ),us to preserve a memory做復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
  斜體部分是一個(gè)“with + 名詞 + 過(guò)去分詞”的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),做方式狀語(yǔ),修飾動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)forming an integrated image.
  不定式與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),做動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)象在英語(yǔ)中很常見(jiàn),在前幾講中我們也遇到過(guò)。再請(qǐng)看幾個(gè)例句:
  1) Would you like Tom to go with you?(你愿意湯姆和你一起去嗎?)
  2) He wants you to see him in the afternoon.(他想讓你下午去見(jiàn)他。)
  3) Father encouraged him to study harder.(父親鼓勵(lì)他更加努力學(xué)習(xí)。)
  4) I will get someone to help you.(我去找個(gè)人來(lái)幫你。)
  “with + 名詞 + 過(guò)去分詞”的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在英語(yǔ)中也很常見(jiàn),請(qǐng)看例句:
   With the problem solved, the plan is going on smoothly.(隨著這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決,計(jì)劃正順利進(jìn)行。)
  本課主要詞組及句型
  詞組:
  1. focus on 2. a number of
  3. at all levels 4. make sense
  5. make a difference 6. in random order
  7. consist of 8. group into
  9. as follows 10. needless to say
  11. refer to 12. relate…to
  13. associate with 14. compare with
  句型:
  A.定語(yǔ)從句
  1) Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that helps memory.
  2) Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember
  3) There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful.
  4) Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information.
  5) Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.
  B. 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)
  1) Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information.
  2) Categorizing is another means of organization.
  3) Forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
  Text B Short-term Memory
  短語(yǔ)表達(dá)
  1. at a later time
  Go ahead with your work, I will give you a call at a later time.
  I am not sure if I can remember all this at a later time.
  2. in contrast (with / to)
  Helen is very talkative. In contrast, her elder sister is silent.
  His rudeness was in striking contrast with Jack's thoughtfulness.
  3. look up
  I don't remember Tom's telephone number, will you please look it up in the telephone book for me?
  4. be unable to
  He was unable to provide us with more information.
  5. be released from
  He was released from prison after he had been kept there for 5 years.
  6. be rewarded with
  The winner was rewarded with gift of fruit and flowers.
  If the rat could find the right door, it would be rewarded with food.
  語(yǔ)法講解:
  句子的用途分類(lèi):
  參照課本第107-110頁(yè)
  我們重點(diǎn)講解反意疑問(wèn)句和感嘆句的用法:
  1.反意疑問(wèn)句:
  構(gòu)成:
  需要注意的問(wèn)題:
  陳述部分由否定詞never,seldom,后面疑問(wèn)部分就用肯定形式,但如果是通過(guò)加了反義前綴構(gòu)成了與原來(lái)意義相反的詞,那后面疑問(wèn)部分仍然用否定形式。
  She has never been to Beijing ,_has she_?
  She's unhappy, isn't she ?
  2.感嘆句:
  she's a pretty girl.
  What a pretty girl (she is ) !
  He is causing a lot of trouble.
  What a lot of trouble he is causing !
  The girl is pretty.
  How pretty the girl is !
  The book is interesting .
  How interesting the book is!
  鞏固練習(xí):
  用what , how 填空: 
  ___bad weather!
  ___cold it is !
  ____beautiful flowers!
  _____funny!
  ____a pity!
  用正確的形式填空:
  Nobody knows about that , ____?
  She must have been in the classroom , _____?
  It must have rained last night , ____?
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