其一，有的文章從開篇就出現具體的事例，具體的任務或是非常具體的數據，實驗等，其作用即在于引入主題，并加以論述證明自己的觀點的可取性與合理性。這種邏輯結構即為歸納思維，類似于數學里的歸納法。即使是應對一個具體的段落而言，段落的結構有一部分也符合這種模式，亦即在一段開始也是列舉具體的事例，數據，實驗過程講解等，這時候可以直接跳到段落結尾處去找重點，因為此段落也符合歸納的邏輯思維。用中文的解釋即為：總、分、總的文章結構。

　　Eg1：Imagine you’re at a party full of strangers。 You’re nervous。 Who are these people? How do you start a conversation? Luckily， you’ve got a thing that sends out energy at small chips(芯片) in everyone’s name tag(標簽)。The chips send back name， job， hobbies-whatever。 Making new friends becomes simple。

　　This hasn’t quite happened in real life。 But the world is already experiencing a new age of using RFID technology。

　　學生面對這兩段文字將如何快速找出主旨?看文章第一個詞Imagine(想象)就應斷定是列舉實例的開篇方式，主旨不在于實例本身而應是實例后的總結，即第二段文字是重點，通過實例總結出來的一個結論或是一個要討論的主題。還有第二段文字以否定句開頭，以轉折句銜接，故而二句都是重點。因為閱讀過程中要格外注意三種句型：否定句、疑問句、轉折句。那么這篇文章的主旨應為：。 predict the uses of RFID technology 預測RFID (刷卡技術)的使用。從字面意思看：此種場景在現實生活中還沒有真實發生，但世界即將經歷一個新時代的到來。

　　Eg2： At the University of California， my students and I studied more than 2，000 years of self-change methods and also reviewed the scientific research works on that。 Among all the methods， three should be specially mentioned： they‘re useful， simple and easy to learn。 What’s more， people who have made successful changes in their lives often depended on one or more of these methods。

　　To get yourself started in a new direction， try the Three M‘s：

　　學生如何確定這兩段文字的重點內容?看第一句同樣是講述作者自己的親身經歷與研究領域，沒有多大意義;第二句看主句內容 three should be specially mentioned：要特別提到三種方法，后一句講的是三種方法怎么重要，沒有多大意思。如果出題人給出此文的寫作目的是什么?那么用歸納的思維來判斷第二段小文字為重點，應為這是承上啟下段落。To get yourself started in a new direction， try the Three M‘s：(想讓自己重新來過請試試三個M方法)那么用出題人自己的語言概況應為：To encourage people to change their bad habits。

　　其二：也是大多數文章的結構，即與歸納思維反向的演繹思維，也是西方邏輯學上突破性的思維方式，直接推動西方科學知識的進步與突破。即開篇即提出作者自家的觀點，而且大多數都是猜測出來的口吻，運用的助動詞多為情態動詞can、may、 could、 might;或是其他表示推測的詞性如：possible， probable， likely等及其變形。那么此時這篇文章的中心就在文章的開頭處，必須精讀此處，切莫略過!

　　Eg1： Younger adults who get either little sleep or a lot of it may see a greater increase in their waistlines over time， a study suggests。

　　Eg2： Some people think that they have an answer to the problems of automobiles crowding and pollution in large cities。 Their answer is the bicycle， or bike。

　　Eg3：In modern society there is a lot of disagreement about competition。 Some value it highly， believing that it is good for social progress。 Others say that competition is bad。 It sets one person against another。 And it leads to unfriendly relationship between people。

　　此三段文字都為觀點類句式，如think，disagreement等。

　　二：要了解中學階段閱讀的具體題型。

　　針對考試當中經常出現的題型現歸類如下：

　　A：缺少句子成分題型。如缺少主語，賓語，狀語成分，這是考試中最長出現的類型題。

　　Eg1：When we wear a pair of 3D glasses， _____。此題提供的內容是時間狀語從句，要補充主句的內容，那么學生必須在原文中鎖定題干中句子在原文何處出現，定位住原文后要精讀此句，找出與原文意思相同的句子，切莫一味找尋與原文一樣的答案，因為很少有和原文完全相同的答案，如果真的出現與原文相同的句子，那就是最簡單的題型。定位原文Three-dimensional technology uses two film projectors(投影機)。 One projects a left eye image and the other projects a right eye image。 3D glasses allow us to see a different image in each eye。

　　那么答案大致為：our brain will get a different image from each eye

　　Eg2：Why do some people welcome competition according to the passage? 題干為因果關系題，亦即原因狀語的題型，還是一樣要從原文找內容，而不是從頭腦中找答案，不要記憶原文內容，要定位原文，精讀原文，與四個答案相對應，確定標準選項。定位原文：In modern society there is a lot of disagreement about competition。 Some value it highly， believing that it is good for social progress。 Others say that competition is bad。 It sets one person against another。 And it leads to unfriendly relationship between people。 此段文字第一句即為主旨，開篇提出要討論的主題，即現在社會中人們對競爭的看法。緊接著就是列舉一些人的不同觀點，證明分歧在哪里。故而出現some，others的句式結構，這是明顯的列舉方式。針對此題定位原文應為橫線句：一些人高度重視，認為它有助于社會進步。那么答案為 It pushes society forward。含義相同句式不同，這是正確答案的設置方式，因為要體現出出題人的應為駕馭能力，要體現出解釋的作用，理解的特點：即用不同的詞或短語解釋文中出現的復雜句式，paraphrase the sentence。

　　Eg3：Not all memories are sweet.Some people spend all their lives trying to forget bad experiences wars and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional(精神上的)hurts。 Often they appear again in dreams。

　　Now American researchers think they are close to developing a drug，which will help people forget bad memories.The drug is designed to be taken immediately after a frightening experience They hope it might reduce or possibly erase(清除)the effect of painful memories。

　　2.In November， experts tested a drug on people in the US and France.The drug stops the body producing chemicals that fix memories in the brain。 So far the research has suggested that only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced，not that the memories are erased。

　　The research has caused a great deal of argument.Some think it is a bad idea，while others support it。

　　Supporters say it could lead to drugs that prevent or treat soldiers’troubling memories after war They say that there are many people who suffer from terrible memories·

　　“Some memories can ruin(毀壞)people’s lives.They come back to you when you don’t want to have them in a dream.They usually come with very painful emotions，” said Roger Pitman， a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School。“This could reduce a lot of that suffering”

　　But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity(特質)。 They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past。 “All of us can think of bad experiences in our lives that were horrible at the time but make us who we are.I’m not sure we want to erase those memories，” said Rebecca Dresser， a medical ethicist。

　　1.Now American researchers are trying to develop a drug to_______D_____。

　　A.change people’s bad memories into good ones

　　B.make people forget what happened in the past

　　C.help soldiers get away from troubling memories

　　D.treat people who suffer from terrible memories

　　The drug that have been tested on people can ____B_____

　　A.cause the brain to lose memories

　　B.reduce the effect of bad memories

　　C.help people improve their memories

　　D.totally erase the painful memories

　　Rebecca Dresser thinks that ______C_____

　　A.some memories can ruin people’s lives

　　B.the drug can prevent people from sufferings

　　C.bad memories make us different from others

　　D.taking the drug will do harm to people’s health

　　此三題是出自一篇閱讀理解，都為缺少句子成分題型，所以第一步都是在原文定位句型。

　　第一題：定位答案句型如橫線部分1，那么答案就在這一段，而不在于你的頭腦之中。而且要體現上文提到的解釋作用和特點，不是照抄原文只言片語，比如bad memories， terrible memories， painful memories or experiences 都可以，所以答案在定語從句Which中，為D。

　　第二題：第一步定位原文2。 略過第二句，鎖定最后一句的最后部分only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced，應為中間都是過程的解釋，我們要的是結果，答案為B。

　　第三題：此為類型題的一種即問某個專家的具體觀點題型，此題必須針對原文找答案，找出原文句子的同義句或解釋的句子。第一步鎖定題干位置如圖所示3。這一段較長哪句是重點?第一句為什么?看But 一詞，這一句是反對此種研究人的觀點總結，后面舉一個具體的專家觀點，可以忽略而且第一句中because這部分為答案。答案為C

　　B。 對錯題。出題方法一般為Which of the following statement is true or not true? or Which of the following is right or wrong except?此種題型多數答案為文章中心句子或中心含義的進一步說明和解釋;少數題的答案為文章某一具體句子意思的解釋。

　　Do you know that women’s brains are smaller than men’s? Normally the women’s brain weighs 10% less than men’s。 Since research has shown that the bigger the brain， the cleverer the animal， men must be more intelligent(聰明的) than women。 Right? Wrong。 Men and women always score similarly on intelligence tests， despite the difference in brain size。 Why? After years of study， researchers have concluded that it’s what’s inside that matters， not just the size of the brain。 The brain is made up of “grey matter” and “white matter”。 While men have more of the white matter， the amount(數量)of “thinking” brain is almost the same in both men and women。

　　Which of the following is TRUE according to Paragraph 1?

　　A。 Grey matter controls thinking in the brain。

　　B。 Men’s brain is 10% less than women’s。

　　C。 Grey matter plays the same role as white matter。

　　D。 Men and women have the same amount of white matter。

　　B答案的10%是最好鎖定原文的答案也最好判斷對錯，此句為主語與表語的篡改，錯。

　　C和D答案都用了the same as 句式，找回原文，C 答案明顯的無中生有，D答案為篡改原文內容，因為文中的疑問是Since research has shown that the bigger the brain， the cleverer the animal， men must be more intelligent(聰明的) than women。 Right? Wrong。注意疑問句Right?，他的回答是Wrong，錯在哪里?細看這一句，since很關鍵意思是：既然，而非自從，既然研究證明大腦越大，這種生物就越聰明，那么男人一定比女人聰明。對嗎?錯。 再往下看Why?的問句后的回答即為結論：After years of study， researchers have concluded that it’s what’s inside that matters， not just the size of the brain。 Conclude結論是：大腦內部起作用而不是大小在起作用。A答案是從原文內容推斷出來的選項而非只言片語的改寫，是在解釋最后一句的意思，故為正確答案。

　　C。 推斷題型。出題方法一般為 what can we learn from the passage? What can we infer (draw， indicate， imply) from the passage? 多數答案為文章中心意思的解釋，少數情況下為文章某一細節的總結和概括。切記推斷題型必須要體現推斷的特點，不能照抄原文，即使一模一樣也不是答案，如果是繞著文章某個句子在改寫也不是答案因為沒有體現總結和推斷的特點，只是只言片語的羅列，千萬不要選。

　　And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people， especially young people， get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time。 There is a corollary(直接推論)to that： if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest， then where is the place of the truth?

　　What can we infer from the last paragraph according to the writer?

　　A。 A good excuse is the same as honesty。

　　B。 Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas。

　　C。 Unpleasant truth is better than a good excuse。

　　D。 Making a good excuse is sometimes a better idea。

　　如何判斷這一段的重點在哪里?針對一段文字來出的題型無論怎么問，對錯，總結，推斷，舉例證明什么目的，推出什么結論，所有的題的答案都是這一段中心句的解釋。這段文字重點句是最后一句，因為那里有一個漢語翻譯：直接推論，明顯是個結論，所以是重點，答案就在這一句中，而且要格外注意最后的疑問句then where is the place of the truth?

　　中國人做的答案都很短，有強烈的總結性和概括性，不照抄原文。大意為：如果一個借口足夠好即使它不是真實的，那么真理將擺在哪里呢?答案為C。

　　結論題。出題方法一般為 What can we conclude from the passage? or What is the conclusion of the passage? 結論一詞的含義是：到最后將觀點總結，所以這種題的答案在文章最后。

　　E。 主旨大意題。出題方法一般為what is main idea or general idea of the passage? or what is the passage mainly about? What is the writer’s or author’s purpose to write the passage?如上文所述，外語文章邏輯關系多為歸納思維或演繹思維，所以一篇文章的重點都藏在開頭段或結尾段中，甚至就在開頭句和結尾句中。如若感覺兩側沒有重點內容，那么就藏在文章中間最短的段落中，尤其是帶轉折句、疑問句或否定句的短段落之中，因為這種段落有承上啟下的作用。還以上面那篇文章為例：分析如上文，可以選出答案為C，既有總結性又有概括性，即為模糊性和科學性。A和D為此段文字中的只言片語，B將原文的意思放大和夸張。

　　The passage is mainly about _______。

　　A。 ways of being more intelligent

　　B。 differences between men and women

　　C。 studies on brains between two sexes

　　D。 studies on white matter and grey matter

　　再如： Brendan’s best friend is Tip。 They teach each other things and they look after each other。 Tip has helped Brendan become more responsible and more caring。 Brendan is a nine-year-old boy， and Tip is a ten-year old dog。 Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a good effect on a child’s development。

　　請問這一段的主旨是什么?也可以出What’s the passage mainly about?的題。

　　A.Lessons children learn from a dog。

　　B.Advice on owning a dog for children。

　　C.The relationship between children and dogs。

　　D.The good effects on children of owning a dog。

　　分析：此段文字為歸納思維，開篇舉了一個實例引入主題： Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a good effect on a child’s development。 所以答案為D。此時會有同學疑惑我讀完整篇文章感覺A也像正確答案，但實際情況卻非如此因為A答案與原文相比省略了一個詞owning 或having ，這種答案叫偷梁換柱，考的就是細心人很不是過于相信自己能力的人。

　　再如：When students and parents are asked to grade subjects according to their importance， the arts are usually at the bottom of the list。 Music is nice， people seem to say， but not important。 Too often it is only viewed as entertainment， but certainly not an education priority(優先)。 This view is shortsighted。 In fact， music education is very important for all students。

　　What is the main idea of the passage?

　　A。 Music education is worth more attention。

　　B。 Music should be of top education priority。

　　C。 Music is really a good communication tool。

　　D。 Music education makes students more imaginative。

　　用上文陳述的方法可選出答案為A。劃線句為中心句，本段文字以時間狀語從句開頭引入中心，即音樂教育更值得關注。

　　F。 文章題目選擇題。說明文和議論文要使用中心詞對應法，記敘文使用中心任務對應法。同樣列舉上文C中題型的文字為例：

　　To err is human。 To blame(責備) the other guy is even more human。

　　Common sense is not all that common。

　　Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse?

　　These three popular misquotes(戲謔的引語)are meant to be jokes， and yet they tell us a lot about human nature。 To err， or to make mistakes， is indeed a part of being human， but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for the problem。 Perhaps it is the natural thing to do。 The original quote about human nature went like this： “To err is human， to forgive， divine(神圣的)。” This saying mirrors an ideal： People should be forgiving of others’ mistakes。 Instead， we tend to do the opposite – find someone else to pass the blame on to。 However， taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity(成熟)。

　　Common sense is what we call clear thought。 Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well， and it also means staying with the plan。 Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm， but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine。 Common sense does not seem to be common for large companies， because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything。 People say that in a large company， “the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing。”

　　And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people， especially young people， get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time。 There is a corollary(直接推論)to that： if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest， then where is the place of the truth?

　　What would be the best title for this passage?

　　A。 A Mirror of Human Nature

　　B。 To Blame or to Forgive

　　C。 A Mark of Maturity

　　D。 Truth or Excuse

　　解析：三段文字哪句具有總結特點?為劃線句。為什么?因為文章開頭列舉三個戲謔引語，其作用在于引入主題，即為劃線句。所以答案為A。人的本性的一面鏡子。中心詞為Human Nature。

　　再如：A great many people， when they speak of home， tend to connect it with a certain atmosphere， certain physical surroundings(環境)， and certain emotional attitudes within themselves。 This sentimentality(多愁善感) toward home is something that has come down to us from the past。 Many modern people do not have it， and I think it is a good thing that they do not。

　　What is the best title for the passage?

　　A。 The History of Home B。 People and Home

　　C。 Different Ideas of Home D。 Ideas of Home Have Changed

　　答案為D。

　　劃線句和劃線詞和短語含義選擇題。此種題型最好的方法是排除法，其次是從上下文結構中找出答案，而不是完全用翻譯的方法，因為出題人設置的詞匯和句型有時候過于復雜，簡單的可以翻譯過來，但是難題很難理解。這種題要體現出解釋的特點，即要將文字中不懂得句式或詞匯，詞組用自己的語言重新的布局和說明，那么答案中如果還是在照抄原文出現的生僻詞和你不懂的基礎詞那么就不要選為干擾項。

　　如：Studies have shown it takes a doctor about 18 seconds to stop a patient after he begins talking。

　　It was Sunday。 I had one last patient to see。 I came close to her room in a hurry and stood at the doorway。 She was an older woman， sitting at the edge of the bed， trying to put socks on her swollen(腫脹的) feet。 I spoke quickly to the nurse， saw her chart saying she was in stable(穩定的) condition。 I was almost in the clear。

　　What does “ I was almost in the clear” mean?

　　A。 I thought everything was clear B。 I was about to finish my work

　　C。 I almost made myself understood。 D。 I was very quickly out of her sight

　　解析：此句中不懂的詞匯為almost 及in the clear， 那么A和C即為干擾項沒有解釋作用，答案在B和D中，這樣就好判斷了，是說作者就要完成工作了還是我迅速的消失在她的視線之外，根據文章提供的情節馬上可以判斷出答案。

　　再如：Depression is not a choice。 Rather， it is a true medical condition like high blood pressure or heart disease。 In the United States alone， more than 17 million people suffer from depression with women being twice as likely as men to suffer from the disease。 Depression crosses racial and socioeconomic lines。 Anyone can suffer from it， and those that do are not “crazy” or “weak”。They have a serious yet highly treatable disease。

　　The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means ____。

　　A。 there is a depression line between different groups and societies

　　B。 people at a higher social position may tend to suffer from depression

　　C。 people who are living with depression could connect with each other

　　D。 anyone can get depression whatever their economic states and backgrounds are

　　解析：A答案照抄line這一名詞，文章用的是比喻的含義，所以A是干擾項。這一句需要解釋的是crosses racial and socioeconomic lines。跨越什么樣的線，很難理解。那么不要直接翻譯，看上下句的句式，因為西方人表達方式上他們要盡量避免句式和詞匯的重復，所以要用不用的句式和詞匯來表達，這只是一種文字游戲，這一句夾在兩句之間。看Anyone can suffer from it只一句，它即在解釋劃線句的意思，因為按照外語的思維方式，出現一個比喻句馬上會有具體的解釋。所以答案為anyone結構，為D。句意為：抑郁跨越種族和社會經濟地位。什么人都可能患病。