中考英語備考:主謂一致的誤區
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中考英語備考
句子的核心是謂語動詞,謂語動詞的確定取決于主語。根據句子含義和結構認準主語是掌握主謂一致的必要條件;弄清主謂一致的語言規則和習慣是掌握主謂一致的充分條件,要正確使用主謂一致,兩個條件缺一不可,但同學們往往會走入以下三大誤區。
誤區一 誤認主語
1. 倒裝句
?、貰etween the two buildings are a big tree. (×)
?、贐etween the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
[解析] 第①句謂語動詞使用are,錯誤地認為the two buildings是該句的主語,但實際上是介詞between的賓語,一起構成介詞短語,而介詞短語不能充當主語。該句是一個倒裝句,真正主語是a big tree.因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 倒裝句的常見結構:副詞/介詞短語+謂語+主語
2. 主語之后帶有介詞短語
?、賂he fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×)
?、赥he fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
[解析] 第①句誤認為apples, oranges是主語,因此謂語動詞用are,而實際上the fruit才是該句的主語,like apples,oranges是介詞短語作后置定語修飾the fruit.該句譯為"像蘋果、桔子之類的水果對我們的身體是有好處的".因此第②句是正確的。
特別提醒 類似的結構有:主語+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ,謂語動詞應與主語一致,而與介詞短語之后的名詞無關。
3. One of . . . + 名詞復數或復數代詞
?、賂here are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×)
?、赥here are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)
[解析] one of the boys的中心詞是one,因此謂語動詞用單數,造成第①句錯誤的原因主要是把the boys當成了該句的主語。
4. 定語從句
?、買 like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×)
②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)
[解析] which were taken in Beijing是一個定語從句,用于修飾先行詞the photos,而which本身就代替先行詞the photos.因此謂語動詞要用復數,造成第①句錯誤的原因是沒有弄清楚關系詞which的實質,只是從形式上看它是單數。
特別提醒 定語從句中的謂語動詞應該與先行詞保持一致。
誤區二 被主語的表象迷惑
1. 看似復數卻表單數概念
?、費aths are my favourite subject. (×)
?、贛aths is my favourite subject. (√)
[解析] maths本身是一個以"s"結尾的單詞,而不是一個復數名詞,表示單數概念"數學"這一學科,因此第②句正確。
類似的有:physics,news,politics . . .
2. 看似單數卻表復數概念
?、賂he police is searching for the robbers. (×)
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
[解析] the police譯為"警方",表示復數概念,而不是表示"那個警察",因此第②句正確,類似的詞有:people,the +形容詞,the +姓+family等均表復數概念。
3. 名詞的單復數同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (×)
?、赥here is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (√)
[解析] sheep是一個單復數形式相同的名詞,由于sheep之前用的a little修飾,加上Can you see it中的it指代單數,因此a little sheep譯為"一只小綿羊",因此第②句正確。如果將原題改為:There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又會怎么樣呢。
4. 集合名詞
①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×)
?、赥heir family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
[解析] family是一個集合名詞,表示整體概念時謂語用單數,表示個體概念時謂語用復數。該句譯為"他們全家很幸福,現在全家人正在看電視".因此第一個family表示整體概念,譯為"家庭",第二個family表示個體概念,譯為"家人",第②句正確。
特別提醒 類似的還有group,class,team等既可表單數也可表復數。
誤區三 誤用語言規則
1. 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、數量等名詞作主語
?、賂en years are quite a long time. (×)
?、赥en years is quite a long time. (√)
[解析] 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、數量等名詞的復數作主語時看作一個整體,謂語動詞要用單數,容易錯誤理解為復數而出現第①句的錯誤。
2. 由and連接的并列主語
?、賂he twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×)
②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)
[解析] the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念,譯為"第20課即最后一課",因此謂語動詞應該用單數。同學們容易錯誤理解"第20課和最后一課",如果表示兩課,應該表達為"the twentieth lesson and the last lesson".
特別提醒 由and連接的并列主語表示同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數,表示不同的概念時謂語動詞用復數。
3. 就近原則
①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×)
②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)
[解析] neither . . . Nor連接的并列主語(you , he)雖然表示兩個人,但根據語言規則,當它連接并列主語的時候,謂語動詞根據就近原則,該由he決定,因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 類似的還有either . . . Or,not only . . . But also,not . . . But,以及there be之后的并列主語,謂語動詞的確定都根據"就近原則".
4. This kind of,a piece of,this pair of等短語作主語
?、賂his pair of trousers are very new, but Tom's trousers are very old. (×)
?、赥his pair of trousers is very new, but Tom's trousers are very old. (√)
[解析] trousers作主語時,謂語動詞用復數,但當它被this pair of修飾時謂語動詞由pair的單復數確定。因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 this kind of,a piece of,a bag of,a box of等,這類短語作主語時謂語動詞的單復數由這些短語中的名詞決定,而與它們所修飾的名詞無關。
5. The rest of, half of等短語作主語
?、貶alf of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×)
?、贖alf of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
[解析] 根據句意和句子結構可以判斷the rest of it中的it,指the work,而work是不可數名詞,因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 all of,most of,half of,the rest of,以及a lot of,some,any+名詞作主語時,要根據后面的名詞確定謂語動詞的單復數。
6. 一句話提示
?、俸铣刹欢ù~(如something,anybody等)作主語,謂語動詞用單數;
?、趧用~、不定式、從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數;
?、踑 number of +名詞(復)作主語,謂語用復數,the number of +名詞(復)作主語,謂語用單數;
?、躰one of . . . 作主語時,謂語動詞可用單數,也可用復數。
誤區一 誤認主語
1. 倒裝句
?、貰etween the two buildings are a big tree. (×)
?、贐etween the two buildings is a big tree. (√)
[解析] 第①句謂語動詞使用are,錯誤地認為the two buildings是該句的主語,但實際上是介詞between的賓語,一起構成介詞短語,而介詞短語不能充當主語。該句是一個倒裝句,真正主語是a big tree.因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 倒裝句的常見結構:副詞/介詞短語+謂語+主語
2. 主語之后帶有介詞短語
?、賂he fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×)
?、赥he fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
[解析] 第①句誤認為apples, oranges是主語,因此謂語動詞用are,而實際上the fruit才是該句的主語,like apples,oranges是介詞短語作后置定語修飾the fruit.該句譯為"像蘋果、桔子之類的水果對我們的身體是有好處的".因此第②句是正確的。
特別提醒 類似的結構有:主語+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ,謂語動詞應與主語一致,而與介詞短語之后的名詞無關。
3. One of . . . + 名詞復數或復數代詞
?、賂here are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. (×)
?、赥here are twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. (√)
[解析] one of the boys的中心詞是one,因此謂語動詞用單數,造成第①句錯誤的原因主要是把the boys當成了該句的主語。
4. 定語從句
?、買 like the photos which was taken in Beijing. (×)
②I like the photos which were taken in Beijing. (√)
[解析] which were taken in Beijing是一個定語從句,用于修飾先行詞the photos,而which本身就代替先行詞the photos.因此謂語動詞要用復數,造成第①句錯誤的原因是沒有弄清楚關系詞which的實質,只是從形式上看它是單數。
特別提醒 定語從句中的謂語動詞應該與先行詞保持一致。
誤區二 被主語的表象迷惑
1. 看似復數卻表單數概念
?、費aths are my favourite subject. (×)
?、贛aths is my favourite subject. (√)
[解析] maths本身是一個以"s"結尾的單詞,而不是一個復數名詞,表示單數概念"數學"這一學科,因此第②句正確。
類似的有:physics,news,politics . . .
2. 看似單數卻表復數概念
?、賂he police is searching for the robbers. (×)
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
[解析] the police譯為"警方",表示復數概念,而不是表示"那個警察",因此第②句正確,類似的詞有:people,the +形容詞,the +姓+family等均表復數概念。
3. 名詞的單復數同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (×)
?、赥here is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it? (√)
[解析] sheep是一個單復數形式相同的名詞,由于sheep之前用的a little修飾,加上Can you see it中的it指代單數,因此a little sheep譯為"一只小綿羊",因此第②句正確。如果將原題改為:There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them?那又會怎么樣呢。
4. 集合名詞
①Their family is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. (×)
?、赥heir family is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. (√)
[解析] family是一個集合名詞,表示整體概念時謂語用單數,表示個體概念時謂語用復數。該句譯為"他們全家很幸福,現在全家人正在看電視".因此第一個family表示整體概念,譯為"家庭",第二個family表示個體概念,譯為"家人",第②句正確。
特別提醒 類似的還有group,class,team等既可表單數也可表復數。
誤區三 誤用語言規則
1. 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、數量等名詞作主語
?、賂en years are quite a long time. (×)
?、赥en years is quite a long time. (√)
[解析] 表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、數量等名詞的復數作主語時看作一個整體,謂語動詞要用單數,容易錯誤理解為復數而出現第①句的錯誤。
2. 由and連接的并列主語
?、賂he twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. (×)
②The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. (√)
[解析] the twentieth lesson and last lesson是表示同一概念,譯為"第20課即最后一課",因此謂語動詞應該用單數。同學們容易錯誤理解"第20課和最后一課",如果表示兩課,應該表達為"the twentieth lesson and the last lesson".
特別提醒 由and連接的并列主語表示同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數,表示不同的概念時謂語動詞用復數。
3. 就近原則
①Neither you nor he have been to Beijing. (×)
②Neither you nor he has been to Beijing. (√)
[解析] neither . . . Nor連接的并列主語(you , he)雖然表示兩個人,但根據語言規則,當它連接并列主語的時候,謂語動詞根據就近原則,該由he決定,因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 類似的還有either . . . Or,not only . . . But also,not . . . But,以及there be之后的并列主語,謂語動詞的確定都根據"就近原則".
4. This kind of,a piece of,this pair of等短語作主語
?、賂his pair of trousers are very new, but Tom's trousers are very old. (×)
?、赥his pair of trousers is very new, but Tom's trousers are very old. (√)
[解析] trousers作主語時,謂語動詞用復數,但當它被this pair of修飾時謂語動詞由pair的單復數確定。因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 this kind of,a piece of,a bag of,a box of等,這類短語作主語時謂語動詞的單復數由這些短語中的名詞決定,而與它們所修飾的名詞無關。
5. The rest of, half of等短語作主語
?、貶alf of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×)
?、贖alf of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
[解析] 根據句意和句子結構可以判斷the rest of it中的it,指the work,而work是不可數名詞,因此第②句正確。
特別提醒 all of,most of,half of,the rest of,以及a lot of,some,any+名詞作主語時,要根據后面的名詞確定謂語動詞的單復數。
6. 一句話提示
?、俸铣刹欢ù~(如something,anybody等)作主語,謂語動詞用單數;
?、趧用~、不定式、從句作主語時,謂語動詞用單數;
?、踑 number of +名詞(復)作主語,謂語用復數,the number of +名詞(復)作主語,謂語用單數;
?、躰one of . . . 作主語時,謂語動詞可用單數,也可用復數。