四六級語法指導:獨立主格結構
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語法
作為一個重要的語法項目,頻頻出現在近幾年的四級考題中。由于中學教材已不把它作為重點,大學教材對它也缺乏系統的闡述,不少考生因此而難以在與之有關的試題上得分,更談不上在語言實踐中加以應用。筆者試圖對該結構進行較為全面的分析,以期對考生有所幫助。
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(一): 獨立主格結構的構成:
名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成?!?br/> (二) 獨立主格結構的特點:
1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束后,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
With的復合結構作獨立主格
表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結構,也可用with的復合結構。
with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關系,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題:
當介詞是in時,其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復數。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)?! ?br/> 2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,及物動詞用現在分 詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結構。據此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結構, 其結構為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,應用現在分詞,故選B。
如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。
I.獨立主格的結構形式 ??
獨立主格結構在形式上由兩部分組成。第一部分由名詞或代詞擔任,第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語擔任,但在四級考試中以分詞擔任第二部分的居多,有時也會由不定式擔任。 ??
1)名詞或主格代詞+現在分詞 ??
例1,______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. ??
A)Other things being equal ??B)Were other things equal ??C)To be equalto other things ??D)Other things to be equal ?
(答案A Band 4,1997.6) ??
例2 So many directors ______,the board meeting had to be put off. ??
A)were absent??? B)been absent ?? C)had been absent? D)being absent ??
(答案D Band 4,2001.1) ??
當獨立主格中的分詞所表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞所表示的動作時,用分詞的完成形式。 ??
例3 The speech______,a lively discussion started. ?A)being delivered? B)was delivered ?? C)be delivered???D)having been delivered ??
(答案D Band 4,1995.1) ??
當獨立主格結構中的名詞或主格代詞是分詞表示的動作的承受者時,用分詞的被動形式。 ??
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train. ?? A)were canceled??? B)having been canceled ?? C)had been canceled? D)have been canceled ??
(答案BBand 4,1999.1) ??
2)名詞或主格代詞+過去分詞 ??
例5 All things_____,the planed trip will have to be called off. ??
A)be considered??B)considered ?? C)considering???D)having considered ??
(答案BBand 4,1998.6) ??
3)名詞或主格代詞+動詞不定式 ??
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined. ??
A)to be complete?? B)is completed ?? C)being completed??D)complete ??
(答案A Band 4,2001.6) ??
形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語擔當第二部分的情況在四級考試中雖不多見,但在書面語中卻是一種有效的表達手段,在此略舉幾例,供有興趣的同學參考。 ??
4)名詞或主格代詞+形容詞 ??
例7 Hands red with the cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(他們在戶外掃雪,兩手凍得通紅。) ??
5)名詞或主格代詞+介詞短語 ??
例8 A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(手里拿著本書,英語老師走進教室。) ??
6)名詞或主格代詞+副詞
例9 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(下課了,學生們都到操場上去玩耍。) ??
7)名詞或主格代詞+名詞 ??
例10 His first shot failure,he fired again.(他第一槍沒擊中,又打了第二槍。
?
(一): 獨立主格結構的構成:
名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成?!?br/> (二) 獨立主格結構的特點:
1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關系。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束后,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
With的復合結構作獨立主格
表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結構,也可用with的復合結構。
with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關系,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題:
當介詞是in時,其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復數。但 with 的復合結構不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)?! ?br/> 2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,及物動詞用現在分 詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復合結構。據此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結構, 其結構為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,應用現在分詞,故選B。
如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。
I.獨立主格的結構形式 ??
獨立主格結構在形式上由兩部分組成。第一部分由名詞或代詞擔任,第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、名詞或介詞短語擔任,但在四級考試中以分詞擔任第二部分的居多,有時也會由不定式擔任。 ??
1)名詞或主格代詞+現在分詞 ??
例1,______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. ??
A)Other things being equal ??B)Were other things equal ??C)To be equalto other things ??D)Other things to be equal ?
(答案A Band 4,1997.6) ??
例2 So many directors ______,the board meeting had to be put off. ??
A)were absent??? B)been absent ?? C)had been absent? D)being absent ??
(答案D Band 4,2001.1) ??
當獨立主格中的分詞所表示的動作先于句中謂語動詞所表示的動作時,用分詞的完成形式。 ??
例3 The speech______,a lively discussion started. ?A)being delivered? B)was delivered ?? C)be delivered???D)having been delivered ??
(答案D Band 4,1995.1) ??
當獨立主格結構中的名詞或主格代詞是分詞表示的動作的承受者時,用分詞的被動形式。 ??
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train. ?? A)were canceled??? B)having been canceled ?? C)had been canceled? D)have been canceled ??
(答案BBand 4,1999.1) ??
2)名詞或主格代詞+過去分詞 ??
例5 All things_____,the planed trip will have to be called off. ??
A)be considered??B)considered ?? C)considering???D)having considered ??
(答案BBand 4,1998.6) ??
3)名詞或主格代詞+動詞不定式 ??
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed,the construction company will be fined. ??
A)to be complete?? B)is completed ?? C)being completed??D)complete ??
(答案A Band 4,2001.6) ??
形容詞、副詞、名詞和介詞短語擔當第二部分的情況在四級考試中雖不多見,但在書面語中卻是一種有效的表達手段,在此略舉幾例,供有興趣的同學參考。 ??
4)名詞或主格代詞+形容詞 ??
例7 Hands red with the cold,they were sweeping the snow outdoors.(他們在戶外掃雪,兩手凍得通紅。) ??
5)名詞或主格代詞+介詞短語 ??
例8 A book in hand,the teacher of English walked into the classroom.(手里拿著本書,英語老師走進教室。) ??
6)名詞或主格代詞+副詞
例9 Class over,all students went to play on the playground.(下課了,學生們都到操場上去玩耍。) ??
7)名詞或主格代詞+名詞 ??
例10 His first shot failure,he fired again.(他第一槍沒擊中,又打了第二槍。