A. Benjamin Franklin--of "early to bed and early to rise" fame--was apparently the first person to suggest the concept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Pads, Franklin wrote of being awakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did. Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil, Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.

　　B. It wasn't until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918--for the states that chose to observe it.

　　C. During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory(強(qiáng)制的) for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9, 1942, and September 30, 1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted, mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Sucker?

　　D. In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn't actually save energy--and might even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co- authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight saving time for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings-- wiping out the evening gains. That's because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is a hotter hour. "So if people get home an hour earlier in a wanner house, they turn on their air conditioning," the University of Washington's Wolff said.

　　E. But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt ( 太瓦 ) hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumption by 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, they could represent significant savings because of the nation's enormous total energy use.

　　F. What's more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears to benefit most from daylight saving time--perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stay outdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings of one percent daily in the state.

　　G. But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers were subject to statistical variability ( 變化) and shouldn't be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings' energy gains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said."The North might be a slight winner, because the North doesn't have as much air conditioning," he said. "But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylight saving."

　　Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?

　　H. For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boosts health by encouraging active lifestyles--a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. "In a nationwide American time-use study, we're clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension in the spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or going to the park are substantially increased," Wolff said. "That's remarkable, because of course the total amount of daylight in a given day is the same. "

　　I. But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼黑), Germany, said his studies show that our circadian (生理節(jié)奏的 ) body clocks--set by light and darkness--never adjust to gaining an "extra" hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.

　　J. One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (長(zhǎng)期地) overtired, he said, is that they suffer from"social jet lag. "In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don't accord with their actual sleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. "Light doesn't do the same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance the body clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. "

　　K. Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden, heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. "The most likely explanation to our findings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms," One expert told National Geographic News via email.

　　Daylight Savings' Lovers and Haters

　　L. With verdicts (定論) on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that the yearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement--part of 10:10,a group advocating cutting carbon emissions--argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, they say,move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual--adding two hours ofevening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime.com, on the other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims "unproven. "

　　M. National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer.Most people just "don't think the time change is worth the hassle (麻煩的事 ). " Forty-seven percent agreedwith that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said his research on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it."I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive."

　　段落匹配練習(xí)題選項(xiàng)：

　　46. Daylight savings' energy gains might be various due to different climates.

　　47. Disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms may be the best explanation to higher heart attack risks in the days after the spring time change.

　　48. A research indicated that DST might not save energy by increasing energy use in the dark mornings, though it reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening.

　　49. Germany took the lead in saving wardme resources by adopting the time changes and reducing artificiallighting.

　　50. A university professor studied the effect of daylight saving time and sounded the alarm of its negative effects.

　　51. Social jet lag can partly account for people's chronic fatigue syndrome in developed countries.

　　52. The figure of a study in the U.S. suggested that DST could save a lot of energy nationally.

　　53. Supporters of daylight savings have long considered daylight saving time does good to people's health.

　　54. A group advocating cutting carbon emissions launches the Lighter Later movement to back a kind of extreme daylight savings.

　　55. A scholar contributing to a federal report suggested that the amount of saved energy had something to do with geographic position.

　　段落匹配練習(xí)題答案：

　　46.F

　　解析：題干意為，夏令時(shí)帶來的能源收益可能會(huì)因?yàn)椴煌臍夂蚨胁町悺Ｗ⒁庾プ☆}干中的關(guān)鍵詞daylight savings.energy gains，various和different climates。文章段落中，提到能源節(jié)約量與天氣有關(guān)的內(nèi)容在F段出現(xiàn)，該段前兩句提到，一些地區(qū)的節(jié)能量明顯比其他地區(qū)要大。例如，加利福尼亞州似乎是從夏令時(shí)中獲益最大的——可能是因?yàn)槟抢锏臍夂蛳鄬?duì)溫和，鼓勵(lì)人們?cè)趹敉獯礁怼Ｓ纱丝芍}干對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了概括和同義改寫，故答案為F。

　　47.K

　　解析：題干意為，睡眠障礙和生物節(jié)奏紊亂可能是春季時(shí)間變化后心臟病發(fā)病率上升的最佳解釋。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms，explanation和higher heartattack risks。文章段落中，提及睡眠障礙和生物節(jié)奏紊亂以及心臟病發(fā)病率上升的內(nèi)容在K段出現(xiàn)，該段第二句提到，2008年的一項(xiàng)研究總結(jié)道，至少在瑞典，在春季時(shí)間變化后不久，心臟病發(fā)病率就上升了……接著第三句引用了一位專家的話：“根據(jù)我們的調(diào)查結(jié)果，最可能的解釋是睡眠障礙及生物節(jié)奏紊亂。”由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義改寫，故答案為K。

　　48.D

　　解析：題干意為，一項(xiàng)研究表明，盡管實(shí)行夏令時(shí)能減少夜間照明及電量消耗，但卻因?yàn)樵黾恿顺块g的用電量而可能無法節(jié)約能源。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞increasing energyuseinthedarkmornings和reduced lighting and electricity consumption in the evening。文章段落中，提到了增加晨間的用電量和減少夜間照明及電量消耗的是D段，該段第三句提到，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)這種做法減少了夜間照明及電量消耗，但是卻增加了晨間的用電量，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在早晨很昏暗——這就抵消了夜間節(jié)約的能源。由此可知，題干對(duì)原文進(jìn)行了同義改寫，故答案為D。

　　49.B

　　解析：題干意為，德國(guó)率先通過采取時(shí)間變化和減少人工照明來節(jié)約戰(zhàn)時(shí)資源。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞Germany，the time changes和artificiallighting。文章段落中，有關(guān)德國(guó)的內(nèi)容在B段出現(xiàn)，該段第二句提到，德國(guó)是第一個(gè)采取時(shí)間變化以減少人工照明從而為戰(zhàn)事節(jié)約煤炭資源的國(guó)家。由此可知，題千是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。

　　50.I

　　解析：題干意為，一位大學(xué)教授研究了夏令時(shí)的作用并警示人們其帶來的消極影響。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞auniversityprofessor和soundedthe alarmofits negative effects。文章段落中，提及夏令時(shí)會(huì)帶來負(fù)面影響的內(nèi)容在I段出現(xiàn)，該段首句指出，但是其他人卻警告人們夏令時(shí)所帶來的負(fù)面影響。第二句補(bǔ)充說，德國(guó)慕尼黑一所大學(xué)的教授蒂爾·倫內(nèi)伯格說，他的研究顯示，我們的生物鐘是根據(jù)白天和黑夜確定的，永遠(yuǎn)都適應(yīng)不了夏令時(shí)期間白天快結(jié)束時(shí)所多出的那“額外”一小時(shí)的日光。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的概述，故答案為I。

　　51.J

　　解析：題干意為，社會(huì)時(shí)差是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的人們患長(zhǎng)期疲勞綜合征的部分原因。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞socialjetla9和chronicfatigue syndrome。文章段落中，提到社會(huì)時(shí)差和人們長(zhǎng)期疲勞的內(nèi)容在J段出現(xiàn)，該段第一句提到，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中的很多人長(zhǎng)期感覺過度勞累，原因之一就是，他們?cè)馐?ldquo;社會(huì)時(shí)差”的折磨。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為J。

　　52.E

　　解析：題干意為，美國(guó)一項(xiàng)研究的數(shù)據(jù)表明實(shí)行夏令時(shí)能在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)節(jié)約很多能源。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞figure，save alotofenergy和nationally。文章段落中，提到整個(gè)國(guó)家節(jié)能總量大的內(nèi)容在E段出現(xiàn)，該段最后兩句提到，這個(gè)數(shù)字意味著，夏令時(shí)使美國(guó)年耗電量降低了0.03%，也使整體能耗減少了0.02%。盡管這些百分比看起來很小，但是，由于國(guó)家總能耗量很龐大，它們所代表的節(jié)能量還是很大的。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義改寫，故答案為E。

　　53.H

　　解析：題干意為，夏令時(shí)的支持者長(zhǎng)期以來認(rèn)為夏令時(shí)對(duì)人們的健康有好處。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞supporters ofdaylight savings和does good to people’s health。文章段落中，提及夏令時(shí)支持者以及夏令時(shí)與人類健康的關(guān)系的內(nèi)容在，H段出現(xiàn)，該段第一句提到，幾十年來，夏令時(shí)的倡導(dǎo)者一直宣稱，不管夏令時(shí)能否節(jié)約能源，它都有利于健康，因?yàn)樗珜?dǎo)的是積極的生活方式。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。故答案為H。

　　54.L

　　解析：題干意為，倡導(dǎo)降低碳排放量的一個(gè)組織發(fā)起了“晚亮燈運(yùn)動(dòng)”以支持一種極端的目光節(jié)約時(shí)制。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞a group advocating cutting carbon emissions，Lighter Later movement和akindofextremedaylight savings。文章段落中，提及“晚亮燈運(yùn)動(dòng)”的內(nèi)容在L段出現(xiàn)，該段第二句提到。在英國(guó)，“晚亮燈運(yùn)動(dòng)”——作為10：10(倡導(dǎo)降低碳排放量的一個(gè)組織)開展的運(yùn)動(dòng)的一部分——提倡一種極端的日光節(jié)約時(shí)制。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為L(zhǎng)。

　　55.G

　　解析：題干意為，協(xié)助撰寫聯(lián)邦報(bào)告的一位學(xué)者表示，能源的節(jié)約量與所處的地理位置有關(guān)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵詞a scholarcontributing to afederal report和geographic position。文章段落中，提及能源節(jié)約量和地理位置的關(guān)系的內(nèi)容在G段出現(xiàn)，該段第二句提到，沃爾夫表示，夏令時(shí)給美國(guó)帶來的能源收益主要取決于某個(gè)地區(qū)與梅森一狄克森線的相對(duì)位置。由此可知，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為G。