Speculation as to how man found his way to America was lively at the outset, and the proposed routes boxed the compass. With one or two notable exceptions, however, students of American anthropology soon settled for the plausible idea that the first immigrants came b way of a land bridge that had connected the northeast comer of Asia to the northwest corner of North America across the Bering Strait. Mariners were able to supply the reassuring information that the strait is not only narrow – it is 56 miles wide – but also shallow, a lowering of the sea level there by 100 feet or so would transform the strait into an isthmus (地峽). With little eels in the way of evidence to sustain the Bering Strait land bridge, anthropologists (人類學家) embraced the idea that man walked dryshod (不濕鞋的) from Asia to America.

　　Toward the end of the last century, however, it became apparent that the Western Hemisphere was the New World not only for man but also for a host of animals and plants. Zoologists and botanists showed that numerous subjects of their respective kingdoms must have originated in Asia and spread to America. These findings were neither astonishing nor wholly unexpected. Such spread of populations is not to be envisioned as an exodus or mass migration, even in the case of animals. It is, rather, a spilling into new territory that accompanies increase in numbers, with movement in the direction of least population pressure and most favorable ecological conditions. But the immense traffic in plant and animal’s forms placed a heavy burden on the Bering Strait land bridge as the anthropologists ahead envisioned it. Whereas purposeful men could make their way across a narrow bridge, the slow diffusion of plant and animals would require an avenue as a continent and available for ages at a stretch.

　　1. The movement of plants and animals form Asia to America indicates ______.

　　A. that they could not have traveled across the Bering Strait

　　B. that Asia and the Western hemisphere were connected by a large land mass

　　C. that the Bering Sea was an isthmus at one time

　　D. that migration was in the one direction only

　　2. The author is refuting the notion that _____.

　　A. life arose in America independently of life in Europe

　　B. the first settlers in America came during the sixteenth century

　　C. a large continent once existed which has disappeared

　　D. man was a host to animals and plants

　　3. By using the words “boxed the compass “(in Line 7) the author implies that _____.

　　A. the migration of mankind was from West to East

　　B. the migration of mankind was from East to West

　　C. mankind traveled in all directions

　　D. mankind walked from Asia to America

　　4. One reason for the migration not mentioned by the author is _____.

　　A. overcrowding

　　B. favorable environmental conditions

　　C. famine

　　D. the existence of a land bridge

　　5. We may assume that in the paragraph that follows this passage the author argues about______.

　　A. the contributions of anthropologist

　　B. the contributions of zoologists and botanists

　　C. the contributions made by the American Indians

　　D. the existence of a large land mass between Asia and North America

　　參考答案：BCCCD

　　六級閱讀理解練習題：社會體制

　　In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic(官僚主義的) management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human – relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.

　　The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live an die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.

　　Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again – by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow – competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.

　　Am I suggesting that we should return to the preidustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise “ capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities – those of all love and of reason – are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

　　1. By “ a well-oiled cog in the machinery “ the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.

　　A. a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible

　　B. working in complete harmony with the rest of the society

　　C. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society

　　D. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly

　　2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.

　　A. they are likely to lose their hobs

　　B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life

　　C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence

　　D. they are deprived of their individuality and independence

　　3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those _____.

　　A. who are at the bottom of the society

　　B. who are higher up in their social status

　　C. who prove better than their fellow – competitors

　　D. who could dip far away from this competitive world

　　4. To solve the present social problems the author puts foruard a suggestion that we should ______.

　　A. resort to the production mode of our ancestors

　　B. offer higher wages to the workers and employees

　　C. enable man to fully develop his potentialities

　　D. take the fundamental realities for granted

　　5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ______.

　　A. approval B. dissatisfaction

　　C. suspicion D. susceptibility

　　參考答案：CDDCB