英語(yǔ)六級(jí)篇章閱讀練習(xí):生活消費(fèi)
Early in the age of affluence(富裕)that followed World War II, an American retailing analyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, "Our enormously productive economy... demands that we make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals, that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption...We need things consumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate."
Americans have responded to Lebow's call, and much of the world has followed.
Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in social values.
Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economies-Japan and the United
States-show consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.
Overconsumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched in severity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resources threatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.
Ironically, high consumption may by a mixed blessing in human terms, too.
The time-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community have often been sacrificed in the rush to riches.
Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world, of plenty is somehow hollow-that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social. psychological and spiritual needs with material things.
Of course,. the opposite of overconsumption-poverty-is no solution to either environmental or human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too. Dispossessed(被剝奪得一無(wú)所有的) peasants slash-and-burn their way into the rain forests of Latin American, and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland, reducing it co desert.
If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we arc left to wonder how much is enough. What level of consumption can the earth support? When does having more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?
測(cè)試題
1. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II__________.
A) gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers
B) gave rise to the dominance of the new egoism
C) led to the reform of the retailing system
D) resulted in the worship of consumerism
2. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus co high consumption is___________.
A) the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals
B) the people's desire for a rise in their living standards
C) the imbalance that has existed between production and consumption
D) the concept that one's success is measured by how much they consume
3.Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?
A) Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.
B) Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.
C) Because overconsumption won't last long due to unrestricted population growth.
D) Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.
4.According to the passage, consumerist culture________.
A) cannot thrive on a fragile economy
B) will not aggravate environmental problems
C) cannot satisfy human spiritual needs
D) will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countries
5.It can be inferred from the passage that___________.
A) human spiritual needs should match material affluence
B) there is never an end to satisfying people's material needs
C) whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issue
D) how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problem
答案詳解
1.第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后富裕社會(huì)的出現(xiàn)_________。
A)導(dǎo)致新一代上層消費(fèi)者的產(chǎn)生 B)導(dǎo)致新利己主義占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位
C)導(dǎo)致零售系統(tǒng)的改革 D)導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)主義崇拜
[D]文章前幾段提到“Lebown呼吁我們生產(chǎn)力極高的經(jīng)濟(jì)要求我們將消費(fèi)作為我們的生活方式,將購(gòu)買和使用商品看成是生活的慣例,并要求我們?cè)谙M(fèi)中尋求精神滿足和自我滿足”,“美國(guó)人響應(yīng)他的號(hào)召,世界上大部分人也尾隨其后”,“在工業(yè)國(guó)家中消費(fèi)已成為生活的中心支柱,甚至滲透到社會(huì)的價(jià)值觀中”。而這種種均是二戰(zhàn)后富裕社會(huì)的出現(xiàn)帶來(lái)的結(jié)果,亦是崇尚消費(fèi)主義的表現(xiàn),因此D正確。
2.除了巨大的生產(chǎn)能力,導(dǎo)致高消費(fèi)的另一個(gè)重要推動(dòng)力是_______。
A)商品的銷售轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N慣例
B)人們渴望生活水平提高
C)生產(chǎn)和銷售之間存在的不平衡
D)個(gè)人成功由他消費(fèi)多少商品衡量這一觀念
[D]文章第3段提到“在日本和美國(guó)這兩個(gè)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó),民意調(diào)查表明對(duì)成功從消費(fèi)主義角度所下的定義日益得到廣泛認(rèn)同”,由此可見,“成功是由他們高消費(fèi)多少來(lái)衡量的”這一概念對(duì)人們的高消費(fèi)起著重要的推動(dòng)作用。因此D正確。
3.為什么作者說(shuō)高消費(fèi)好壞參半7
A)因?yàn)樵诟辉I鐣?huì)依然存在貧窮。
B)因?yàn)槿藗冊(cè)谧非笪镔|(zhì)滿足中舍棄了道德觀念。
C)因?yàn)樵诓皇芟拗频娜丝谠鲩L(zhǎng)情況下,過度消費(fèi)不會(huì)長(zhǎng)久。
D)因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)代化過程中傳統(tǒng)慣例總是被忽視。
[B]文章第5段提到“長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)人們推崇的種種價(jià)值觀,如誠(chéng)實(shí)的品格、好的工作、以及友誼、家庭和社區(qū)等,都在追逐財(cái)富的過程中被舍棄了”,B是其中一個(gè)方面,因此B正確。
4.根據(jù)文章,消費(fèi)主義文化___________。
A)不可能在薄弱的經(jīng)濟(jì)中繁榮 B)不會(huì)使環(huán)境問題惡化
C)不能滿足人類的精神需求 D)不會(huì)緩和富裕國(guó)家的貧窮問題
[C]文章第6段提到“工業(yè)國(guó)家的很多人感覺到他們物質(zhì)豐富的世界不知怎地變得空洞了——受消費(fèi)主義觀念的誤導(dǎo),他們一直試圖用物質(zhì)來(lái)滿足社會(huì)、心理和精神上的需求,而這毫無(wú)效果”,因此C正確。
5.由文章可以推斷_____________。
A)人的精神需求應(yīng)當(dāng)與物質(zhì)的富裕保持一致
B)人的物質(zhì)需求永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法滿足
C)高消費(fèi)是否應(yīng)受到鼓勵(lì)仍是個(gè)問題
D)怎樣將消費(fèi)保持在合理的水平依然是個(gè)問題
[D]文章最后一段提到“人們消費(fèi)過多或過少都會(huì)破壞環(huán)境,我們納悶究竟多少才算足夠。地球能承受什么樣的消費(fèi)水平呢?”,因此D正確。
參考譯文
在隨第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后來(lái)臨的富裕年代的早期,有位名叫維克多·勒波的美國(guó)零售業(yè)分析師聲稱:“[1]我們巨大的、多產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)……要求我們把消費(fèi)當(dāng)做我們的生活方式,要求我們把商品的購(gòu)買和使用變成生活習(xí)慣,要求我們?cè)谙M(fèi)的過程中尋求精神滿足和自我滿足……我們需要以越來(lái)越快的速度消耗、燃掉、用掉、替換并扔掉物品。”
[1]美國(guó)人響應(yīng)了勒波的號(hào)召,世界各地許多人緊隨其后。
[1]在工業(yè)社會(huì),消費(fèi)成為了生活的中心支柱,甚至還成為社會(huì)價(jià)值觀的一部分。[2]在日本和美國(guó)這兩個(gè)世界最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國(guó),民意強(qiáng)調(diào)表明對(duì)成功從消費(fèi)主義的角度所下的定義日益得到廣泛認(rèn)同。
世界上那些幸運(yùn)兒們的過度消費(fèi),成了一個(gè)極其嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題,其嚴(yán)重程度除人口增長(zhǎng)之外沒有其他問題能與之相比。對(duì)資源的過度開發(fā)利用給人類帶來(lái)資源被耗盡的威脅,將使森林、土壤、水、空氣和氣候遭到不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的破壞。
具有諷刺意味的是,高消費(fèi)的生活方式對(duì)人類好壞參半。[3]長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)人們推崇的種種價(jià)值觀,如誠(chéng)實(shí)的品德、好的工作以及友誼、家庭和社區(qū)等,都在追逐財(cái)富的過程中被犧牲掉了。
因此,[4]工業(yè)社會(huì)的許多人都覺得他們這個(gè)富足的世界不知怎么地有些空虛了——由于消費(fèi)文化的誤導(dǎo),他們?cè)谠噲D用物質(zhì)來(lái)滿足社會(huì)上的、心理上的以及精神上的種種需求,結(jié)果毫無(wú)成效。
當(dāng)然,進(jìn)度消費(fèi)的反面——貧窮——也決非環(huán)境問題或人類問題的解決之道。貧窮對(duì)人來(lái)說(shuō)比富足更糟糕很多,對(duì)自然世界也有害。在拉丁美洲,被剝奪得一無(wú)所有的農(nóng)民刀耕火種,一路破壞著雨林;而在非洲,饑餓的游牧民族在貧瘠的草地上放牧,使它遂漸退化成沙漠。
[5]人們擁有的財(cái)富過多或者過少都會(huì)破壞環(huán)境,我們納悶究竟擁有多少才算足夠。地球能承受什么樣的消費(fèi)水平呢?什么時(shí)候開始,擁有更多的財(cái)富不會(huì)明顯增加人們的滿足感呢?