The recent closures were triggered in the summer of 2002, when a suspicious outbreak of intestinal problems affected a large number of swimmers who were camped at Peninsula State Park, in Door County. Samples were taken.and high coliform bacteria counts were noted.

　　Health departments were urged (or shamed) into taking samples at more Wisconsin beaches and found problems at dozens of sites. This set off a wave of publicity. At the same time, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources announced the launch of a new monitoring program for the 170 public beaches which line Wisconsin's coasts on Lake Michigan and Lake Superior, funded by a federal grant. Howerver, as DNR pointed out, the monitoring plan had been under development since 2001 to meet federal requirements for states to improve monitoring and public notification at their coastal beaches.

　　"Unfortunately, the federal law and the available federal funding don't get at identifying and reducing sources or contamination." said Toni Glymph, the DNR toxicologist leading the Beach Workgroup of state and local health and environmental officials. "We realize those are criticai needs, but this testing and notification plan is a start. People need to be aware of risks and make informed choices."

　　Because funding was short ,the DNR categorized beaches as high, medium, or low priority, to determine how frequently each beach will be monitoree. High priority beaches, for instance, may be monitored five times a week, compared to once a week for low priority beaches. Coastal communities aren't required to adopt the monitoring and notification guidelines in the plan,but the DNR expected more than $200,000 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assist communities wanting to implement the plan in summer 2003.

　　Currently, DNR staff are responsible for monitoring beaches at state properties, and tribal and local health departments are responsible for other public beaches within their borders. Because testing is not mandatory and local communities are not required to follow state guidelines for monitoring beaches,Wisconsin suffers from a serious inconsistency in how frequently beaches are sampled, how people are notified or possible unsafe swimming conditions,and in reporting of beach closures.

　　測試題

　　1.Where was the first swimming site that was closed?

　　2.By saying "We realize those are critical needs", Toni Glymph means that we need to_________________.

　　3.Coastal communities that adopt the monitoring and notification plan will be funded by____________________.

　　3.Who will be monitoring the state-owned beaches?

　　4.According to the author, the monitoring system at the state level and that at the local level are___________________.

　　答案詳解

　　1.[At Peninsula State Park,in Door County.]

　　[定位]第2段首句。

　　解析：原文該段的triggered一詞表明2002年Door縣半島州立公園爆發(fā)的細菌事件導致最近很多游泳場被關閉，可見最早被關閉的游泳場應為“Door縣半島州立公園”里的游泳場。

　　2.[identify and reduce sources of contamination]

　　[定位]根據(jù)“We realize those are critical needs"和Toni Glymph定位到第4段。

　　解析：本題實際上考查those的所指。根據(jù)原文可以知道，those指第4段首句的identifying and reducing...，只要根據(jù)題目的要求將兩個動名詞改為不定式，即為本題答案。

　　3.[the U.S. EPA]

　　[定位]根據(jù)Coastal communities和monitoring and notification定位到第5段末句。

　　解析：原文該句的數(shù)字$200,000及assist一詞表明EPA將資助實施監(jiān)測、告知計劃的社區(qū)，因此本題答案為the U.S. EPA。

　　4.[DNR.]

　　[定位]末段首句。

　　解析：原文該句中的beaches at state properties與題目中的state-owned beaches同義，由此可見，本題答案為DNR。

　　5.[inconsistent]

　　[定位]末段末句。

　　解析：原文該句表明州政府雖然有統(tǒng)一的準則，但并不強制各社區(qū)遵守，從而造成了各社區(qū)在處理海灘問題上沒有統(tǒng)一的準則，對于這一現(xiàn)象，作者用inconsistency加以概括，而空白處需要形容詞作表語，由此可見，作者認為州一級和社區(qū)一級對同一個問題“準則不同”，即inconsistent。

　　參考譯文

　　因為加強了以細菌的監(jiān)控，過去兩個夏季，威斯康星州許多頗受公眾歡迎的公共海濱游泳場被關閉了。

　　[1]最近一次關閉海濱游泳場是在2002年夏天，當時在Door縣半島州立公園露營的很多游泳者間突然爆發(fā)了可疑的腸道疾病。通過采集樣本發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量大腸桿菌。

　　衛(wèi)生部門被強烈要求(或者說是羞愧地被迫)在威斯康星更多的海濱采集樣本，結果在幾十個地方發(fā)現(xiàn)了問題。這引起了公眾的極大關注。與此同時，威斯康星的自然資源部宣布用聯(lián)邦政府撥款對威斯康星海濱靠近密歇根瑚和蘇必利爾湖的170個海濱浴場采取新的監(jiān)控措施。然而，正如自然資源部指出的，該監(jiān)控計劃于2001年就開始制訂，當時聯(lián)邦政府要求各州對其沿海海灘加強監(jiān)控，完善公告制度。

　　“[2]不幸的是，聯(lián)邦法律和現(xiàn)有的聯(lián)邦款項并未能讓人們識別并減少污染源，”由威斯康星州和地方的衛(wèi)生部門和環(huán)境部門的官員組建的工作組主任、自然資源部的毒理學家托尼·格里姆福說，[2]“我們意識到它們都是至關重要的、必需的措施，但是，這個檢測、公示計劃是個開始。必須要讓人們意識到危險，并根據(jù)有關信息做出相應的選擇。”

　　因為資金有限，所以自然資源部把各海灘按照優(yōu)先級別分為高、中、低三類以確定每個海灘的檢測頻率。例如，高優(yōu)先級別的海灘可能每周檢測5次，而低級別的海灘可能每周只檢測1次。[3]各海濱社區(qū)并沒有被要求采取計劃所列出的監(jiān)測、告示措施，但是自然資源部希望到2003年夏天，美國環(huán)境保護局將會拿出20多萬美元幫助想要實行該計劃的海濱社區(qū)。

　　[4]目前，自然資源部的工作人員負責監(jiān)控州屬海灘，而各種族或地方衛(wèi)生部門則負責它們各自地界內(nèi)的其他公共海灘。[5]這種檢測不是強制性，而且地方社區(qū)并沒有被要求按照州的指導方針監(jiān)控海灘，所以在威斯康星州，各海灘究竟應該按什么頻率采集樣本，應該怎樣把游泳場所可能存在的不安全狀況告示群眾，以及如何公布海灘關閉等等問題都存在嚴重不協(xié)調(diào)的情況。