The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.

　　Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection proce

　　ss of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour—if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.

　　The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.

　　6. What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?

　　[A] Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon.

　　[B] We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible.

　　[C] We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale.

　　[D] Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.

　　7. According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because ____________.

　　[A] The medical profession is based on trust.

　　[B] There is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine.

　　[C] The medical profession depends on the government.

　　[D] Cheating exists extensively in medical schools.

　　8. What does the author say about the cause(s) of cheating?

　　[A] Family, culture and society play an active part.

　　[B] Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating.

　　[C] Parents are always to blame for their children’s cheating behaviour.

　　[D] Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV.

　　9. According to the author, what precautio(轉載自中國教育文摘http://www.edUzhai.net，請保留此標記。)ns should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating?

　　[A] Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.

　　[B] Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.

　　[C] Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.

　　[D] There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students.

　　10. The author will probably agree with which of the following statements?

　　[A] Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition.

　　[B] Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.

　　[C] Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.

　　[D] Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school.

　　答案及解析

　　6. 答案是[D] Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.

　　解析：文章第一段說，Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.可見，到目前為止，我們還不很了解醫學院作弊現象的嚴重程度，也不甚明了如何對該類現象進行預防和管理。既然目前所掌握的DATA是insufficient(不充足的)，那么[A][B][C]所說的都不符合文章的原意，故均為錯誤選項。只有[D]的敘述正確。

　　7. 答案是[A] The medical profession is based on trust.

　　解析：作者在第二段說，人們一致認為，醫學的基礎就是誠信。在醫學院就作弊的學生通常比其他人更容易做出欺騙病人，同事，和政府的事情。因此，醫學以誠信為本的性質就決定了， 對醫學院的作弊行為應該堅決打擊。[B]項說的是打擊作弊行為的結果，而不是原因。[C]醫學依靠政府，[D]醫學院中作弊行為普遍存在，都不符合文章內容。

　　8. 答案是[A] Family, culture and society play an active part.

　　解析：[A]的內容符合文章的原意。作者在討論作弊現象的根源時，結論是，作弊現象存在，原因是多方面的。學生在上醫學院之前受到的家庭，社會和文化的熏陶在很大程度上決定他們是否會在考試中作弊。也就是選項[A]的內容。[B][C][D]的說法雖然都有道理，但是都過于絕對。學校的環境，家長的教育，電視的影響，雖然都起一定作用，但是都不能說是決定性的。Leading，always，primarily之類的用詞決定了它們都不是最佳選項。

　　9. 答案是[C] Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.

　　解析：[A]“醫學院應該確立明確道德標準，淘汰道德素質低下的申請者”是錯誤選項。因為文章談到如何甄別申請醫學院學生的道德素質的時候，作者用的是虛擬語氣have的過去式had(if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance)：如果能有可靠的標準，能預先了解學生的道德水平，醫學院在錄取的時候應該照顧那些恪守道德準則的學生。可見目前并沒有這樣的標準可循。[B] Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.和文章的內容相反。因為文章明確地說Medical schools...cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society.[C]項錯，因為文章的本意是，醫學院的學生在學期間，道德素質不僅不會提高，而且可能下降(regress)。但是作者并沒有說，醫學院在提高學生素質方面無計可施，而是敦促學校采取相應措施，imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity，(增強未來的醫師們的道德感)。

　　10. 答案是[C] Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.

　　解析：[C]項和文章最后一段的The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing相呼應。[A]錯，因為作者沒有建議醫(轉載自中國教育文摘http://www.edUzhai.net，請保留此標記。)學院應該降低考試難度。[B]的敘述不準確，因為作者的本意是醫學界的要人應該樹立楷模，而不是讓他們設定一套人人遵循的行規。[D]錯，作者僅提議醫學院對有違反道德準則學生的處罰應該是堅決，公正，透明和統一的。作者并沒有明確倡議一旦有作弊行為就將其開除出校。