英語六級閱讀理解
This belief can be traced back to two landmark empirical research ( 實證研究 )programs conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo in the 1960s and early1970s. Milgram's "Obedience to Authority" research is widely believed to show thatpeople blindly conform to the instructions of an authority figure, and Zimbardo'sStanfordPrison Experiment (SPE) is commonly understood to show that people will take onabusive roles uncritically.
However, Professor Haslam, from the University of Queensland, argues that tyrannydoes not result from blind conformity to rules and roles. Rather, it is a creative act offollowership, resulting from identifying with authorities who represent vicious (惡意的 )acts as virtuous ( 善良的 ) .
"Decent people participate in horrific acts not because they become passive,mindless functionaries (公職人員 ) who do not know what they are doing, but ratherbecause they come to believe--typically under the influence of those in authority--thatwhat they are doing is right," Professor Haslam explained.
Professor Reicher, of the University of St Andrews, added that it is not that theywere blind to the evil acts they were committing, but rather that they knew what they weredoing, and believed it to be right.
These conclusions were partly informed by Professors Haslam and Reicher's ownprison experiment, conducted in 2002 in collaboration with the BBC. The study generatedthree findings. First, participants did not conform automatically to their assigned role;second, they only acted in terms of group membership to the extent that they identifiedwith the group; and finally, group identity did not mean that people simply accepted theirassigned position--it also empowered them to resist it.
Although Zimbardo and Milgram's findings remain highly influential, ProfessorHaslam argues that their conclusions do not hold up well under close empirical scrutiny.
Professor Reicher concludes that tyranny does not flourish because offendersare helpless and ignorant; it flourishes because they are convinced that they are doingsomething worthy.
21.What does the author mean by saying "human beings are 'programmed'for conformity" (Line 6, Para. I)?
A.
Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.
B.
Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.
C.
Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.
D.
Human beings are made to be obedient to others.
22.What does the author mean by saying "human beings are 'programmed'for conformity" (Line 6, Para. I)?
A.
Human beings are designed to defy the instructions of others.
B.
Human beings are forced to listen to the advice of others.
C.
Human beings are ordered to take advice of others.
D.
Human beings are made to be obedient to others.
23.What's Professor Haslam's finding about tyranny?
A.
It comes right from the evil deep in the heart of humans.
B.
It's a new way of followership to identify with authorities.
C.
It can be found mostly in war-troubled countries.
D.
It results from blind conformity to rules and roles.
24.What's Professor Haslam's finding about tyranny?
A.
It comes right from the evil deep in the heart of humans.
B.
It's a new way of followership to identify with authorities.
C.
It can be found mostly in war-troubled countries.
D.
It results from blind conformity to rules and roles.
25.What's Professor Haslam's finding about tyranny?
A.
It comes right from the evil deep in the heart of humans.
B.
It's a new way of followership to identify with authorities.
C.
It can be found mostly in war-troubled countries.
D.
It results from blind conformity to rules and roles.
Today, the poor aren "t just more likely to get divorced. They're more likely to avoidmarriage entirely.
Earlier today, my colleague Derek Thompson argued that; it's misleading to thinkof marriage as a "luxury good". Why? Because luxury goods are something the rich buyand the poor can't afford. But in the case of marriage the trend is more complex. The vastmajority of Americans tie the knot at some point in their lives, he argues. It's just thatthose without a college education are far, far more likely to get divorced. Marriage is foreveryone; failed marriages are for the poor.
Bleak stuff. But it's getting bleaker.
Derek's post is based on a long-term study of young Baby Boomers, who were atleast 46 years old by 2010. But among younger Americans, marriage really is lookingmore and more like something you'd have to buy at Tiffany's. According to 2012 CensusBureau report, which shows the percentage of men who have never married by age andincome, the less a guy earns nowadays, the less likely they are to have ever gotten married.
Well, that's not 100 percent true. Among twenty-somethings there seems to be arich bachelor effect going on (or an overworked young professional effect, if you prefer).
Those making $75,000 or more are somewhat less likely to have been married than thosemaking between $40,000 and $75,000.
This particular set of Census data unfortunately tells us much less about women andmarriage. The problem: Stay-at-home morns.
The key to remember, though, is that many educated, high-earuing women, the sortswho are likely to meet and marry educated and high-earning men, leave the workforce orgo part time once they have children. So a publicist who once made over $70,000 a yearmight only earn $20,000 if she decided to work fewer hours while caring for her childrenat home.
Here's why this trend--not just the move towards divorce like Derek talked about,but the move from nuptials ( 婚禮 ) entirely--is so gloomy. Getting married, and stayingmarried, is one of the surest ways of securing a middle class life. By choosing not to wedin the first place, the poor are abandoning that chance at stability.
21.Why doesn't Derek Thompson think that marriage is a luxury good?
A.
Because not everyone will get married eventually.
B.
Because only rich people can afford to get married.
C.
Because most people will get married regardless of their financial state.
D.
Because lots of people can't afford an expensive nuptial.
22.According to the author, which kind of people is more likely to get divorced?
A.
A rich man who has a college degree.
B.
A rich man who does not have a college degree.
C.
A poor man who has a college degree.
D.
A poor man who does not have a college degree.
23.What does it mean by saying "marriage really is...to buy at Tiffany's" (Line 2, Para.3)?
A.
People can only buy nuptial stuffat a Tiffany store.
B.
Only a Tiffany store provides a marriage ceremony.
C.
Marriage is becoming more and more like luxuries.
D.
One can buy a marriage just like buying things in Tiffany's.
24.Why is it not 100% true about the 2012 Census Bureau report's finding?
A.
Because marriage is for everyone, even poor people.
B.
Because the finding doesn't apply to 20-somethings rich bachelors.
C.
Because the richer men are, the more likely they are to get married.
D.
Because marriage is something you can only buy at a Tiffany's store.
25.Why is it not 100% true about the 2012 Census Bureau report's finding?
A.
Because marriage is for everyone, even poor people.
B.
Because the finding doesn't apply to 20-somethings rich bachelors.
C.
Because the richer men are, the more likely they are to get married.
D.
Because marriage is something you can only buy at a Tiffany's store.