However, nationalist energies were beginning to coalesce (接合)，reviving interest in Irish culture-including Irish visual arts. Beatrice Elvery’s (1907), a landmark achievement, merged the devotional simplicity of fifteenth-century Italian painting with the iconography (肖像畫法) of Ireland’s Celtic past, linking the history of Irish Catholicism with the still-nasce t (初生的) Irish republic. And, although also captivated by the French plein air school, Sir John Lavery invoked the mythology of his native land for a 1928 commission to paint the central figure for the bank note of the new Irish Free State. Lavery chose as this figure, with her arm on a Celtic harp (豎琴)，the national symbol of independent Ireland.

　　In Irish painting from about 1910, memories of Edwardian romanticism coexisted with a new sense of realism,exemplified by the paintings of Paul Henry and Se Keating, a student of Orpen’s. realism also crept into the work of Edwardians Lavery and Orpen, both of whom made paintings depicting World WarⅠ,Lavery with a distanced Victorian nobility, Orpen closer to the front, revealing a more sinister and realistic vision. Meanwhile, counterpoint to the Edwardians and realists came Jack B. Yeats, whose travels throughout the rugged and more authentically Irish West led him to depict subjects ranging from street scenes in Dublin to boxing matches and funerals. Fusing close observations of Irish life and icons with an Irish identity in a new way, Yeats changed the face of Irish painting and became the most important Irishartist of his century.

　　1. Which of the following art most probably exerted the greatest influence on Irish painting in the 19th century?

　　A. British lyrical tradition B. French avant-garde experiment　 C. notionalist energies D. Italian painting

　　2. It is implied_________was least influenced by the contemporary art of Frence.

　　A. Sir John Lavery B. Sir William Orpen　 C. Beatrice Elvery　 D. Se Keating

　　3. Which of the following best explains the author’s use of the word “counterpoint” in referring to Yeats?

　　A. Yeats’ paintings differed significantly in subject matter from those of his contemporaries in Ireland.

　　B. Yeats reacted to the realism of his contemporary artists by invoking nineteenth-century naturalism in his own painting style.

　　C. Yeats avoided religious and mythological themes in favor of mundane portrayals of Irish life.

　　D. Yeats built upon the realism painting tradition, elevating it to unprecedented artistic heights.

　　4. The author points out the coexistence of romanticism and realism most probably in order to show that_________.

　　A. Irish painters of the early twentieth century tended to romanticize the harsh reality of war

　　B. for a time painters from each school influenced painters from the other school

　　C. Yeats was influenced by both the romantic and realist schools of Irish painting

　　D. the transition in Irish painting from one predominant style to the other was not an abrupt one

　　5. The most likely topic of the paragraph followed is _________.

　　A. The Role of Celtic Mythology in Irish Painting

　　B. Who Deserves Credit for the Preeminence of Yeats among Irish Painters?

　　C. Realism vs. Romanticism: Ireland’s Struggle for National Identity

　　D. Irish Paintings: Reflections of an Emerging Independent State

　　答案AAADD

　　Proxemics(空間關系學) is the study of what governs how closely one person stands to another. People who feel close will be close, though the actual distances will vary between cultures. For Amreicans we can discern four main categories of distance: intimate, personal, social and public. Intimate ranges from direct contact to about 45 centimeters. This is for the closest relationships such as those between husband and wife. Beyond this comes personal distance. This stands at between 45 and 80 centimeters. It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives. Social distance covers people who work together or are meeting at social gatherings. Distances here tend to be kept between 1.30 to 2 meters. Beyond this comes public distance, such as that between a lecturer and his audience.

　　All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship. They differ, however, in where they draw these lines. Look at an international reception withrepresentatives from the US and Arabic countries conversing and you will see the Americans pirouetting(快速旋轉) backwards around the hall pursued by their Arab partners. The Americans will be trying to keep the distance between themselves and their partners which they have grown used to regarding as “normal”. They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their partners, though they may have vague feeling that their Arab neighbors are being a bit “pushy”. The Arab, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, may be feeling that the Americans are being “stand-offish”. Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation with they will persistently pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them.

　　The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too. One study of the number of times people conversing in coffee shops over a one hour period showed the following interesting variations: London, 0; Florida, 2; Paris, 10; and Puerto Rico 180. Not only dose it vary between societies, however, it also varies between different subcultures within one society. Young people in Britain, for example, are more likely to touch and hug friends than are the older generation. This may be partly a matter of growing older, but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at a time when touching was less common for all age groups. Forty years ago, for example, footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today.

　　1.In proxemics, ____governs the standing space between two persons.

　　A. distance　 B. culture　　 C. conversation　　 D. relationship

　　2.The word “stand-offish”(Line 14, Para. 2) could best be replaced by_________.

　　A. cold and distant in behaviour 　 B. ungentlemanlike in behaviour C. inhuman in behaviour　　 D. polite in behaviour

　　3. In conversation with an American partner at an international reception, an Arab deems that close distant is _________.

　　A. appropriate　 B. inappropriate　　 C. rash　 D. impetuous

　　4. We can infer from the third paragragh that the appropriateness of physical contact also varies with_________.

　　A. time　　 B. city　　 C. country　　 D. people

　　5. The best title for the passage would be __________.

　　A. Proxemics　 B. Appropriateness of Social Distance

　　C. Appropriateness Relationships Between Two Persons D. Appropriateness Physical Contact Between Two Persons

　　答案DAAAA