Ordinarily, you breathe about twenty-two times a minute. Of course, you breathe faster when you are exercising and slower when you are resting. Fresh air is brought into your lungs when you breathe in, or inhale, while used air is forced out of your lungs when you breathe out, or exhale.

　　1. In the respiratory process, only one of the following actions takes place: it is_______.

　　A. the diffusion of blood through capillary walls into air sacs

　　B. the diffusion of carbon dioxide through capillary and air sac walls into the blood

　　C. the diffusion of oxygen through the air sac and capillary walls into the blood

　　D. the exchange of nitrogen within air sacs

　　2. The number of times per minute that you breathe is_______.

　　A. independent of your rate of exercise

　　B. fixed at twenty-two times per minute

　　C. influenced by your age and sex

　　D. controlled automatically by an unspecified body mechanism

　　3. The process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen are transferred does not depend on

　　A. the presence of nitrogen in the blood

　　B. breathing muscles

　　C. the flow of blood

　　D. the moisture in the air sac linings

　　4. The author's style in this passage can best be described as---------.

　　A informal and matter of fact B. impersonal

　　C. personal P- matter of fact and formal

　　5. Which of the following words can replace the word "exhale"?

　　A. Breathe out. B. Breathe in.

　　C. Diffuse. D. Exchange.

　　To understand why someone becomes an optimist or a pessimist, it helps to understand what distinguishes them. Say you crash your car. Do you expect good things to happen after the accident—an easy recuperation (挽回損失) , a fat check from your insurer? Or do you worry that your neck will hurt forever?

　　"Optimistic people tend to feel that bad things won't last long and won't affect other parts of life, ".Seligman says. Pessimists tend to believe one negative incident will last and undermine everything else in their lives.

　　Also important, researchers say, is the story you construct about why things happen—your explanatory style. Optimists believe that bad events have temporary causes—"The boss is in a bad mood. " Pessimists believe the cause is permanent—"The boss is a jerk. "

　　This sense of control distinguishes one type from the other. Positive thinkers feel powerful. Negative thinkers, Seligman says, feel helpless because they have learned to believe they're doomed, no matter what. A young wife who's told she's incapable of handling household finances might later become a divorce woman who can't balance a checkbook.

　　Such learned helplessness causes much harm on health. Studies show that optimists are better at coping with the distress associated with everything from sore throat to heart surgery. Furthermore, scientists at U. C. L. A. discovered that optimists have more disease-fighting T cells.

　　Pessimists also don't believe in preventive care. Visit a doctor and you might find out you're sick! My father was rushed to the emergency room for medical conditions that would have been easily treatable if he'd seen a doctor sooner.

　　1. The word "undermine"(Para. 2) most probably means

　　A. go below B. weaken

　　C. affect D. destroy

　　2. "The boss is a jerk. " These words are used here to show______.

　　A. how some bosses act displeasingly

　　B. how optimists explain some bad events

　　C. how pessimists think about the unhappy things around them

　　D. how the writer suggests people should do when facing something unpleasant

　　3. The example given about a young wife shows that______.

　　A. the dividing line between optimists and pessimists

　　B. young women today suffer a lot in doing housework

　　C. most of young wives are pessimists

　　D. the pessimists are used to thinking of everything negatively

　　4. Which of the following statements is TRUE of "my father"?

　　A. My father was an optimist.

　　B. My father didn't like to take any preventive measures.

　　C. My father often visited doctors.

　　D. My father was wise enough to mind his own health.

　　5. It can be inferred from the passage that Seliman should be______.

　　A. an optimist B. a pessimist

　　C. a psychologist D. the writer of this passage

　　1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. C