Given the complexity of today’s airliners, it is unlikely that any new entrant will have both the financial and technical resources to come into the market without the involvement of an established manufacturer. In the short term, such involvement may not be to the exclusive benefit of the new entrant: most of the established manufacturers are searching for ways to reduce costs of manufacture.

　　In the short term,, it can be of benefit to an established Western manufacturer to have either components of complete air – frames made or assembled in lower-wage economics such a China, Taiwan or Korea, while retaining the design, development and marketing of aircraft for itself. It would be a very unwise Western manufacturer which did not heed the fact that these developing economies are acquiring skills ( like computing ) at least as quickly as they are acquiring skills in metallbashing.

　　The danger comes when the new entrant no longer needs the established Western partner because it has acquired the technical and intellectual ability to design and build its own aircraft. An Asian partner may well find itself in the happy position of having the low-cost labour base, the high-cost technology base and the vital financial base to build a new airliner.

　　1.The author’s attitude towards Western/eastern collaboration can be depicted as ________.

　　A.positive B.progressive C.conservative D.negative

　　2.”The airliner market is not such a device “ means that the airliner market _______.

　　A.does not encourage technology transfer

　　B.is too limited to offer chances of success

　　C.requires hi-tech rather than unaccepted devices

　　D.is full of competitions even for new entrants

　　3.Established manufacturers search for partners in order to _______.

　　A.save the cost of the airframe B.improve some aircraft components

　　C.save the cost of labour D.develop new technology

　　4.According to the author, a wise established manufacturer should ______.

　　A.try to benefit from both financial and technical resources

　　B.break up his partnership with the East once profits are made

　　C:keep a tight told over hi-tech development and marketing of airliners

　　D.collaborate with Asian partners for a short time

　　5.The word “base” in the last paragraph represents_______.

　　A.a production place

　　B.the initial operation of building aircraft

　　C.a research institute

　　D.a position where to start building

　　答案：CDADA

　　There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.

　　In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.

　　An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.

　　In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every person’s place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.

　　1.What is the main purpose of the passage?

　　A.To outline contrasting types of economic systems.

　　B.To explain the science of economics.

　　C.To argue for the superiority of one economic system.

　　D.To compare barter and money-exchange markets.

　　2.In the second paragraph, the word “real” in “real goods” could best be replaced by ___,

　　A.high quality

　　B.concrete

　　C.utter

　　D.authentic.

　　3.According to the passage, a barter economy can generate ___.

　　A.rapid speed of transactions.

　　B.misunderstandings.

　　C.inflation

　　D.difficulties for the traders.

　　4.According to the passage, who has the greatest degree of control in the administered system?

　　A.Individual households

　　B.Small businesses.

　　C.Major corporations.

　　D.The government.

　　5.Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person’s position in a traditional society?

　　A.Family background

　　B.Age

　　C.Religious beliefs.

　　D.Custom

　　答案：ABDDB