World's Nonsmokers Take up Fight for Cleaner Air

　　In country after country, talk of nonsmokers' rights is in the air. This fresh voice is heard fromAustralia to Sweden. Its force is freeing clean air for nonsmokers—and tightening the situation forsmokers.

　　In west Germany, for instance, taxi drivers—known for their independence—post signs saying"Nicht Raucher"(nonsmoker) and may refuse passengers who insist on smoking. . . Bans in Polandprevent smoking in factories, offices, snack bars, and other public places. . . And Venezuelans canbe fined $ 230 to $ 1,000 for smoking in supermarkets, buses, and numerous other places. Manycountries also are moving in step to limit tobacco promotion (despite a 7 percent jump in worldtobacco production last year) and eliminate the "false claims of the glorification(美化) of smokingas a habit.. . " says Jean de Moerloose of the United Nations World Health Organization.

　　While a majority of countries have taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations haveintroduced legislative steps to control smoking abuse. Many laws have been introduced in othercountries to help clear the air for nonsmokers, or to cut cigarette consumption.

　　In many developing nations, however, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economic progress—and is even encouraged.

　　"While it appears that in developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has becomestabilized, there are some indications that it is still rising at a steady pace in Latin America," says Dr.Daniel J. Joly, an adviser to the Pan American Health Organization.

　　Despite progress in segregating (隔離) nonsmokers and smokers, most countries see littlechange in the number of smokers. In fact, there is a jump in the number of girls and young womenstarting to smoke.

　　As more tobacco companies go international, new markets are sought to gain new smokers indeveloping countries. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sellcigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa—where U. S. tobacco exports increased by more than27 percent last year, according the U. S. Foreign Agriculture Service. So far, any cooperationbetween tobacco interests and governments' campaigns against smoking has been in the area oftobacco advertising.

　　Restrictions on cigarette ads, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking incertain places, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing ( 限制) smoking.

　　But world attention also is focusing on other steps which will:

　　—make the smoker increasingly self-conscious and uncomfortable about his habit bypublicizing public awareness of the decline of social acceptability of smoking.

　　(This method is receiving strong support in the U. S. and other countries. )

　　—prevent pro-smoking scenes on television and films.

　　—remove cigarette vending machines.

　　—provide support for those who want to kick the habit of smoking.

　　—make it illegal to sell or hand over tobacco products to minors and prohibit smoking inmeeting places for young people.

　　—boost cigarette prices with higher tobacco taxes—and use the money for antismokingcampaigns.

　　At a June UN conference on smoking, a goal set by Sir George E. Godber, chairman of theexpert committee on smoking and health for the World Health Organization, stated: " We may nothave eliminated cigarette smoking completely by the end of this century, but we ought to havereached a position where relatively few addicts still use cigarettes, but only in private at most in thecompany of consenting adults. " NATIONS ATTEMPT SOLUTIONS

　　Here are brief sketches of major or unique attempts around the world to insure nonsmokers'right to smoke-free air and to help smokers quit. SWEDEN

　　An ambitious, concerted plan to raise a nation of nonsmokers is being implemented by theSwedish National Board of Health and Welfare.

　　Swedish children born after 1975 will grow up in environments that will be nonsmoking andantismoking as much as possible. General cigarette consumption will cut from 1,700 cigarettes ayear per person to 1920 level of under 300 cigarettes a year, according to the 25-year plan.

　　A campaign to restrict tobacco advertising, raise cigarette prices to over $ 2

　　a pack, remove cigarette vending machines by 1979, ban pro-smoking content in

　　films and television programs, restrict public smoking, and give intensive

　　antismoking education in schools and the military, will promote the goal of a

　　society which "should be so unfavourable toward smoking that smoking could not arise onceagain as a major factor harmful to public health. "

　　By Swedish law, life-insurance premiums (保險費 ) are lowered for nonsmokers. WESTGERMANY

　　An image-reversing advertising campaign began a few years ago in West Germany whereby itis the nonsmoker who is shown to be living the swinging life previously claimed by the cigaretteaddict.

　　A government-sponsored program to warn the public about the dangers of smoking includes anattempt to encourage consideration of the nonsmoker at work and in public places. Tobaccotelevision ads were stopped in 1973.

　　But there are no firm plans at the federal level to ban smoking in public places, although it isbeing considered as a legislative proposal. Health experts say that the legally required warning oncigarette packages in the United States has not helped. Hence there are strong doubts about strictlaws in the whole area of smoking. The governing idea here is to encourage consideration ofothers. But this angle of attack (moral persuasion) does not rule out legislation. In two ofGermany's 11 states there are laws to protect public employees who do not smoke from theirsmoking fellow workers. "Smoke breaks" are used to separate the smokers and nonsmokers.

　　"The nonsmoker today is just as much or more respected than the smoker. " Says one healthofficial, "and this is a success in itself. " GREAT BRITAIN

　　A television advertising ban in 1965, a health warning on tobacco packages begun in 1971, a 20percent price rise on cigarettes in 1974, and a constant campaign to isolate pubic smoking inairlines, trains, and other public places have fuelled a forceful antismoking and nonsmokers'program in Britain.

　　In Ireland, an advertising code bans ads emphasizing the pleasure of smoking, featuringconventional heroes of the young as smokers, or implying that it is less harmful to smoke onebrand than another. UNITED STATES

　　U. S. airlines are subject to $ 1,000 fines for failing to provide a smoke free seat for anypassenger who wants one. The Interstate Commerce Commission has made "no smoking" the rule,rather than the exception, on all interstate passenger trains and buses. The Military segregatessmokers and no longer distributes cigarette in C rations.

　　A growing number of restaurants now offer separate areas for nonsmokers. A ban ontelevision and radio cigarette ads, health warnings and restrictions on public smoking in many statesand cities make the United States a participant in world nonsmoking and antismoking efforts. Thenumber of U. S. nonsmokers is rising as well.

　　1. With the world's efforts, more and more smokers have realized the harmful effect of smokingon environment.

　　2. 30 countries have introduced legislation to restrict smoking, though little has been done inmost other countries.

　　3. The total number of smokers decreases while the number of female smokers increases inmost countries.

　　4. Smokers in Latin America consume more cigarettes than in developed countries.

　　5. The improved economic situation in developing countries is the explanation of the risingnumber of smokers there.

　　6. Both Sweden and Great Britain raised cigarette prices to control the tobacco consumption.

　　7. The increasing number of nonsmokers in U. S. is the evidence to show that the U. S.antismoking campaign has been successful.

　　8. Tobacco companies are now getting more profit in______than before.

　　9. People aboard any flight in U. S. can get a

　　10. In West Germany, consideration of nonsmokers is ______ in the campaign againstsmoking.

　　參考答案：

　　I. N 2. Y 3. N 4. N 5. N 6. Y 7. Y

　　8. in developing countries 9. smoke free seat 10. encouraged