11.I 12. A 13. G 14. J 15. M 16. E 17. L 18. K 19. B 20. H

　　Immigrants All

　　A visitor to Liberty Island in New York Harbor would see one of the most important nationalmonuments in the United States. Rising three hundred five feet above the island stands the Statueof Liberty, which since its formal unveiling (揭幕) on October 28, 1886, has served constantly toremind Americans of the long-lasting friendship that has existed between the United States andFrance. As immigrants to the United States pass the statue with its enormous torch pointingskyward, they may notice the broken chain at the statue's feet, symbolizing the people of a nationbursting the bonds in their mighty struggle for a free form of government and the ensuing liberties.

　　To the forty-one million immigrants who have arrived upon our shores during the past onehundred forty years, these lines indicated that the poor, hungry, and persecuted could find freedomand opportunity in the New World. They arrived in such large numbers that by the end of thenineteenth century some Americans had doubts concerning the policy of admitting unlimitednumbers of immigrants. By 1921, this viewpoint was widely accepted. During the 1930's wediscovered that emigration from this nation was at times larger than immigration to this nation.The history of these significant developments divides itself into the three clearly defined periods.Period of Early Immigration

　　The period from 1790 to 1861 is considered as the period of early immigration. In 1790, oneyear after the new government was organized, the population of the United States wasapproximately 4,000,000. Of that number more than seventy-five per cent were descendants ofimmigrants who had sailed westward from England and northern Ireland. By 1810 there wereprobably 5,000 to 6,000 immigrants per year. At about 1820 the rate began to increase. By 1840the new arrivals numbered more than 80,000 yearly. The number continued to increase until, in1854, it reached a total of 428,000. Although many of these continued to come from Great Britain,the largest numbers were of German and Irish origin. A trickle was now apparent from Italy,Austria-Hungary , and the nations of Scandinavia.

　　The Period of the Later Immigration

　　The years intervening between 1861 and 1917 marked the period of later immigration. Duringthe early part of this period there was need for more man-power to do work and to provide troopsfor the armed forces during the War Between the States. The need for workers for industry andlaborers for railroad construction encouraged President Lincoln to ask Congress to pass favorablelegislation for immigrants. Employers of unskilled laborers rushed to support therecommendation. The American Emigrant Company was organized to secure immigrants byadvancing their transportation expenses and recovering the loan from the wages earned duringthe first year of employment. The government capitalized on the influx of immigrants by buildingstands in the fields next to the harbor of New York City and offering sums of money to thenewcomers if they would join the army. In the post-war period immigrants eagerly sailed forAmerica as the "golden land of opportunity" where "the streets were paved with bricks of gold".The rapid growth of industry and reports of our prosperity continued to call thousands ofimmigrants to our land long after the war needs were over. These inducements and descriptions ofAmerica motivated immigrants to sail for the United States in large numbers during this entireperiod. So many came that the American people became concerned about the open-door policy. In1882 the first restrictive law was passed. This law forbade acceptance of people who were lunatics,idiots, immoral persons, paupers, and persons likely to become public charges. In 1885 the AlienContract Labor Law was passed, prohibiting American employers from importing laborers fromEurope under contract.

　　Period of Severe Restrictions

　　During the period of 1917 to the present time immigration has.been severely restricted. Asimmigrants continued to flow into the country, more and more concern was felt about admittingsuch large numbers. As a result more laws were passed restricting the number of immigrants whomight come to our shores. In 1917 an act was passed requiring a literacy test for all immigrantsover 16 years of age. In 1918 an act was passed which excluded anarchists and others whoadvocated the overthrow of the government by violence. These acts and the ones previouslypassed excluded only about 1. 4 per cent of the total number of immigrants who wanted to cometo the United States, so the number of immigrants arriving here was not greatly reduced.

　　The first drastic measure taken to reduce immigration was the quota law passed in 1921. Thislaw limited the number of immigrants from any one country to 3 per cent of the nationality of thatcountry which was in the United States in 1910. The law of 1924 reduced the quotas to 2 per centbased on the 1890 census. As a result, in 1925 only 294,000 immigrants were admitted. Lateramendments were made to the law of 1924 in 1929. These amendments stated that the totalannual quota could not exceed 150,000.

　　The 150,000 to be admitted from all nations under the 1929 amendment were to beapportioned in terms of the number of people of a given nation's origin living in the United States in1920 and the total population in the same year. This meant that a national origin whichrepresented 10 per cent of the total population in 1920 would have a quota of 15,000 from theforeign country which sent the respective immigrants. This law, in addition to still further restrictingimmigration, assigned 83 per cent of the total to nations of western and northern Europe and theremainder to southern and eastern European nations. During the following ten years(1931-1940)only 528,431 people sought a new home in our United States. This was fewer than arrived in thedecade of the 1830's, a century earlier. This effect may be attributed to the restrictive legislationcombined with the consequences of the economic depression of the 1930's. It is important to notethat during this ten-year span of 1931 to 1940, 459,738 emigrated from our country back to thecountries of their origin, in most instances. The war years of the 1940's and the continuation of the1929 legislation kept immigration at an average of 100,000 per year in the decade of 1941-1950.

　　On June 27, 1952, the Immigration and Nationality Act became the law of the land. Itdiscontinued racial bars on immigration but did not give up the quota system based on nationalorigins. Asiatic nations were permitted an annual quota based upon a formula like the one given toEuropean nations. Under this act, immigration was restricted to a maximum of 154,657 with mostof the migrants to come from northern and western Europe. One year later, in 1953, permissionwas granted to allow 214,000 refugees to enter the United States during the following three years.This was in addition to the numbers permitted under the law of 1952. Since then, the immigrationlaw has been further liberalized.

　　If a public opinion poll were taken in the United States today, it would most probably show thata majority of Americans favor restricting immigration. The overwhelming majority, however,favor legislation to permit the admission of immigrants who can contribute to the developmentand progress of the nation.

　　1. In 1780, 3,000,000 Americans were descended from immigrants of England and northernIreland.

　　2. The new government of the United States was founded in 1789.

　　3. The 1929 amendment merely served to restrict immigration to the U. S. .

　　4. The years from 1861 to 1917 witnessed a need for immigrants as workers in industry andlaborers from railroad construction.

　　5. The restriction of immigration to the U. S. was one of the factors leading to the economicdepression of the 1930s.

　　6. The depression of the 1930s was dealt with by permitting immigrants who could contributeto the development and progress of the nation.

　　7. In 1929, only a little more than 150,000 foreigners migrated to the U. S. .

　　8. Between 1931 and 1940 only______people emigrated to the U. S. .

　　9. Since 1953 the immigration law has become increasingly

　　10. In the 1880s Americans were concerned that immigrants were likely to become

　　I. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. N 6. NG 7. N 8. 528,431 9. liberalized 10. public charges