But the custom might also be explained as a fair payment for the teacher's instruction. In theearly days of public education, school teachers were not always salaried. Often they would bepaid in goods and services, offered by either the school, or the pupils or the parents. . ..Therefore, the occasional gift of an apple for the teacher in today's classroom should be awelcome reminder of the era when education was one -to-one and when teaching meantenlightening the students rather than identifying their rankings.

　　Caps and Gowns

　　For students, the most exciting moment may be the graduation ceremony 5: parents, relativesand friends are invited to the ceremony; all the graduates are wearing black square flat capsand gowns. They all await the president to announce in the end,“Now, please move yourtassels from right to left. ”

　　The caps and gowns worn by high school and college graduates today are survivors of theeveryday dress worn by members of the academic community in medieval Europe. Themajority of scholars in the Middle Ages6 were churchmen, or soon to become so, and theirdress was often strictly regulated by the universities where they taught and studied. Thestandard clerical dress throughout Europe was the long black cope. The original preferencefor black was changed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, as such colors as red, violetand purple came into fashion; but by the Renaissance black was back, as the color blacksymbolized simple and plain, or austere way of life in the sixteenth century. With fewexceptions, modern universities keep that ceremonial austerity.

　　The origin of the square flat cap, or mortarboard7 , is obscure, though it probably derives fromthe medieval biretta . Such a tufted square cap is considered the badge of the 024 mastership, and is later adopted by undergraduates and schoolboys. The term mortarboard does notappear in English until the 1850 s. The tassel that graduates transfer from one side to anotheras a signal of their elevation is an outgrowth of the medieval tuft. The tuft still appears onthe modern biretta, worn by bishops throughout the Church of Rome .

　　閱讀自測

　　Ⅰ. True o r false :

　　1. Nowadays, American pupils always offer an apple to the teacher in order to get a bettergrade.

　　2. In the early days of public education, schoolteachers were paid in money.

　　3. In America, the caps and gowns are only adopted by college graduates during graduationceremonies.

　　4. Before the Renaissance, the standard clerical dress was black.

　　5. The biretta was considered the mark of scholarship.

　　6. That the graduates move the tassel from one side to the other is a signal of elevation.

　　Ⅱ. Questions :

　　1. According to the passage, when you say somebody is an apple polisher, what do you reallymean by saying that?

　　2. For students, when is the most exciting moment?

　　3. After graduation, which side should you put your tassel, right or left?

　　參考答案 :

　　Ⅰ. 1. T 2. F 3 . F 4 . F 5. T 6. T

　　Ⅱ. 1. It really means that he is flattering or fawning some figures.

　　2. For students, the most exciting moment is the graduation ceremony, especially the momentwhen the president makes the announcement.

　　3. After graduation, the tassel should be put to the left side.

　　參考譯文

　　校園記趣

　　獻(xiàn)給老師的蘋果

　　美國的學(xué)童經(jīng)常會送蘋果給老師。很明顯, 這個習(xí)慣做法有點行賄的意味——— 給當(dāng)權(quán) 者一些甜頭來軟化他們的態(tài)度。對學(xué)童來說, 他們送老師蘋果只是為了得到更令人滿意的 成績。為此, 蘋果的榮譽(yù)多少受到些損害, 而且可能就是這個緣故, 英語俚語“to applepolish”的意思就是“ 阿諛奉承, 溜須拍馬”, 而“ applepolisher”則指“ 馬屁精”。 這一習(xí)慣做法同樣可以看作是對老師授課的一種合理報答。公立教育早期, 學(xué)校教師 并不總是拿薪水的。通常情況下, 他們得到的報酬是學(xué)校、學(xué)生或?qū)W生家長提供的實物或服務(wù)。因此, 在今天的教室里時常出現(xiàn)的送老師蘋果的現(xiàn)象應(yīng)該算是對那個年代的一種 美好回憶。那時的教育是一對一式的, 而且那時的教學(xué)是為了使學(xué)生受到教育, 而不是為 了區(qū)分他們的社會地位。

　　學(xué)士帽與學(xué)士服

　　對學(xué)生而言, 最激動人心的時刻莫過于畢業(yè)典禮。父母及親朋好友都被邀請來參加典 禮。所有的畢業(yè)生都頭戴黑色的方平帽, 身穿黑長袍。他們等待著校長在最后一刻宣布: “ 現(xiàn)在, 請將你的流蘇從右邊移到左邊。” 今天的高中生和大學(xué)生戴的學(xué)士帽, 穿的學(xué)士服是由中世紀(jì)歐洲學(xué)院里學(xué)者們的日常 著裝演變而來的。中世紀(jì)時, 大多數(shù)的學(xué)者要么是牧師, 要么將要成為牧師; 他們的著裝經(jīng) 常受到他們?nèi)谓袒驅(qū)W習(xí)的大學(xué)的嚴(yán)格控制。在整個歐洲, 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的牧師服都是黑色的長袍。 13 和14 世紀(jì)的時候, 人們最初偏愛黑色的狀況得到了改變, 諸如紅色、紫羅蘭色和紫色這 樣的顏色開始流行起來。但是到了文藝復(fù)興時期, 黑色又流行回來, 因為黑色代表了簡約 樸素和16 世紀(jì)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目嘈薹绞健，F(xiàn)代大學(xué)都少有例外地保留了那種肅穆簡樸的儀式。方平帽或者學(xué)士帽的起源不甚了了, 不過這很可能是從中世紀(jì)的法冠演變而來。這種 植絨的方帽被看作是學(xué)位的象征, 后來被大學(xué)本科生和高中生采用。學(xué)士帽這個術(shù)語直到 19 世紀(jì)50 年代才傳到英國。畢業(yè)生們將其從一邊移到另一邊, 作為一種晉級標(biāo)志的流蘇 其實是中世紀(jì)時的帽穗的派生。現(xiàn)代羅馬教會的大主教們戴的法冠上仍保留著這種穗子。

　　閱讀導(dǎo)評

　　雖然我們深居校園, 但是我們似乎從不曾對校園里出現(xiàn)的文化現(xiàn)象有所深究。那些文 化現(xiàn)象有些可以溯其源頭, 有些卻已無從查證。但是, 人們對于教育和知識的尊重古往今 來卻都是一樣的。

　　閱讀導(dǎo)釋

　　1. 這是動詞bribe 的名詞形式, 意思是“行賄, 受賄”。受賄者用bribee 表示。以前學(xué)過embezzle 這個詞,embezzle 多指“盜用, 挪用( 公款) , 侵吞( 財物) ”。

　　2 - 3. sweeten 是形容詞sweet 加- en 轉(zhuǎn)變來的動詞, 意思是“( 通過贈送禮物, 籠絡(luò)感情等) 使親和, 使軟化”。它可作“ 使干凈, 使純凈”解, 如在莎士比亞的名劇《麥克白》中, 麥克 白夫人殺了國王之后, 夢游中去洗手上的血跡時, 有一句很有名的獨白:“All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. ”意思就是“ 縱使用所有阿拉伯的香水, 也無法洗 干凈這只小手。”disposition 這里是“性情, 性格, 態(tài)度傾向”的意思。

　　4. 這個詞是“ 腐蝕的, 有害的, 損害的”的意思。

　　5. 畢業(yè)典禮。ceremony 一詞多指“ 莊嚴(yán)的宗教或其他慶典中具有特殊形式及程序的禮 儀”, 如: theceremony of launching a ship ( 船舶下水典禮) ; perform the opening / closing ceremony ( 舉行開幕/閉幕式) 。司儀的專有名詞M. C. 即Master of Ceremony 的縮寫。

　　6. Middle Ages, 中世紀(jì), 歐洲歷史上從5 世紀(jì)羅馬文明瓦解直至文藝復(fù)興的這段時期。中 世紀(jì)這一名稱及其傳統(tǒng)含義來自于意大利人文主義者的別有用心: 他們意欲復(fù)興古典學(xué) 術(shù)與文化, 而一個長達(dá)千年的愚昧黑暗時代將他們與古代的希臘羅馬世界分隔開來。中 世紀(jì)時, 歐洲幾乎沒出現(xiàn)過任何大的王國或其他能夠提供穩(wěn)定局面的政治結(jié)構(gòu)。唯一能 夠提供社會團(tuán)結(jié)基礎(chǔ)的力量是羅馬天主教會。教皇不僅負(fù)責(zé)宗教事務(wù), 很多時候還插手 世俗事務(wù), 教會還擁有城市和軍隊, 管理國家事務(wù)。因此, 中世紀(jì)呈現(xiàn)出一個試圖在宗教 基礎(chǔ)上對自身進(jìn)行政治結(jié)構(gòu)建設(shè)的社會。

　　7. 這里特指“ 學(xué)士帽、學(xué)位帽”。下文出現(xiàn)的biretta 則是特指“( 天主教等神職人員戴的) 四 角帽———法冠”。