24. Christianity1

　　Salvation, according to this tradition, is necessary because otherwise the individual iscondemned to spend eternity in hell8 , a place of eternal punishment. Born into sin, thesentence of eternal damnation is the fate of every person unless she or he is saved from thisfate by being“ born again ”through faith in Jesus Christ. All other doctrines are built around awarning of condemnation and a redeeming message of redemption. As the core doctrine, itwould be natural that arguments over soteriology ( one’s theory of redemption) would lead toreligions schisms. Disagreement over competing notions of salvation led to the split betweenCatholicism and Protestantism.

　　Given the stark contrast between heaven and hell as eternal abodes of the soul, seriousthinkers have had to grapple with the question —What happens to people who, while notsaints, nevertheless are generally good people who have never committed any major sins intheir lives? Reflection on this problem led to the development of purgatory9, an intermediaterealm between heaven and hell. In purgatory, souls are tortured for their sins, but areeventually released and allowed to enter heaven.

　　閱讀自測

　　Tra nslate Chinese in to English, to lea rn more a bout th e or igina l sin: God created theheavens, earth and all kinds of animals, including two men —Adam and Eve. They could eat fromany tree, except one, in the Garden of Eden. _____________( 在上帝創(chuàng)造的所有動物之中, 毒蛇是最狡詐的。)“Did God really tell you not to eat from any of the trees in the garden?”The serpentasked Eve .“We may eat the fruit of any tree _____________( 除伊甸園中間那棵樹上的果實之外) .God had even said,‘You shall not eat it or even touch it, otherwise you die. ’”But the serpenttold Eve ,“Of course you will not die! God knows well that the moment you eat of it your eyeswill be opened and _____________( 你們就會像上帝一樣區(qū)分出善惡) . ”Eve saw the tree was goodfor good, pleasing to the eyes and desirable for gaining wisdom. So she took some of its fruitand ate it. Then she also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate it, too. Then,the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked._____________( 于是他們就把樹葉縫在一起, 制成衣服。) When God came, they hid themselves among the trees of thegarden.“Where are you?”the God asked.“ I heard you in the garden; but I am afraid. _____________( 因為我沒有穿衣 服, 所以我躲了起來。) ”answered Adam. It was just then Godlearnt that they had eaten the fruit of the tree in the middle . God was very angry and banishedthem from the Garden of Eden.

　　24. Christianity1

　　Salvation, according to this tradition, is necessary because otherwise the individual iscondemned to spend eternity in hell8 , a place of eternal punishment. Born into sin, thesentence of eternal damnation is the fate of every person unless she or he is saved from thisfate by being“ born again ”through faith in Jesus Christ. All other doctrines are built around awarning of condemnation and a redeeming message of redemption. As the core doctrine, itwould be natural that arguments over soteriology ( one’s theory of redemption) would lead toreligions schisms. Disagreement over competing notions of salvation led to the split betweenCatholicism and Protestantism.

　　Given the stark contrast between heaven and hell as eternal abodes of the soul, seriousthinkers have had to grapple with the question —What happens to people who, while notsaints, nevertheless are generally good people who have never committed any major sins intheir lives? Reflection on this problem led to the development of purgatory9, an intermediaterealm between heaven and hell. In purgatory, souls are tortured for their sins, but areeventually released and allowed to enter heaven.

　　閱讀自測

　　Tra nslate Chinese in to English, to lea rn more a bout th e or igina l sin: God created theheavens, earth and all kinds of animals, including two men —Adam and Eve. They could eat fromany tree, except one, in the Garden of Eden. _____________( 在上帝創(chuàng)造的所有動物之中, 毒蛇是最狡詐的。)“Did God really tell you not to eat from any of the trees in the garden?”The serpentasked Eve .“We may eat the fruit of any tree _____________( 除伊甸園中間那棵樹上的果實之外) .God had even said,‘You shall not eat it or even touch it, otherwise you die. ’”But the serpenttold Eve ,“Of course you will not die! God knows well that the moment you eat of it your eyeswill be opened and _____________( 你們就會像上帝一樣區(qū)分出善惡) . ”Eve saw the tree was goodfor good, pleasing to the eyes and desirable for gaining wisdom. So she took some of its fruitand ate it. Then she also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate it, too. Then,the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked._____________( 于是他們就把樹葉縫在一起, 制成衣服。) When God came, they hid themselves among the trees of thegarden.“Where are you?”the God asked.“ I heard you in the garden; but I am afraid. _____________( 因為我沒有穿衣 服, 所以我躲了起來。) ”answered Adam. It was just then Godlearnt that they had eaten the fruit of the tree in the middle . God was very angry and banishedthem from the Garden of Eden.

　　參考答案

　　Of all the animals that God had made, the serpentwas the most cunning. except the fruit of the treein the middle of the Garden of Eden you will be likeGods who know what is good and what is bad Sothey sewed leaves together and made clothes forthemselves. Because I was naked, I hid myself.

　　參考譯文

　　

__

　　__開始的時候只是猶太教的一個分支。最早的__徒根本沒想過創(chuàng)辦新的宗 教, 他們自視為追隨猶太教彌賽亞的教義的猶太人。只是后來在許多非猶太人改變信仰之 后, __才脫離猶太教, 自成一體。

　　盡管__與猶太教具有很多共同點, 但這兩個宗教在像上帝與人的關(guān)系等基本問題 上差別明顯。在基督__太教這兩種傳統(tǒng)中, 理解上帝與人的關(guān)系需要依賴圣約, 或“ 約 書”中的主旨。在希伯來人的經(jīng)典著作《舊約全書》里, 上帝與他的選民——— 猶太人之間通 過約書保持著特殊的關(guān)系, 這本約書詳細說明了這種關(guān)系的條件。這一安排的具體內(nèi)容在 一系列與諾亞、亞伯拉罕和摩西達成的圣約里不時地被更改和擴充。這些約書中最出名的 是上帝與摩西在西奈山上達成的協(xié)議———《十誡》。

　　__徒對圣約神學(xué)的理解是, 上帝賜給人類一份新約書———《新約全書》, 該約書通 過基督本人以及他的教誨得以昭示。不像從前的圣約那樣,《新約》講述的是個人永恒的 命運, 而不是以色列國世俗的命運。同樣, 新約的接受對象不再只是猶太人, 而是全人類。 個人的救贖以及靈魂如何能被拯救是傳統(tǒng)基督__題。

　　按照這一傳統(tǒng), 救贖對__教徒非常必要, 因為如果不對靈魂進行拯救, 人就會被打 進地獄, 永世不得超生, 在地獄永遠都要受到懲罰。人生下來就有罪過, 每個人都注定要永 遠受到懲罰, 除非我們信仰基督耶穌, 才能獲得“ 重生”, 擺脫這種命運。所有其他教旨都 是圍繞懲罰的警告和救贖的啟示展開的。“ 耶穌救世學(xué)”被作為核心教旨, 對耶穌救世學(xué) 的爭論必然導(dǎo)致教會的分裂。對不同救贖主張的爭執(zhí)導(dǎo)致了天主教和新教之間的決裂。

　　考慮到作為靈魂永久居所的天堂和地獄之間鮮明的對比, 一些嚴肅的思想家只得努 力解決以下問題: 對于那些既非圣人、一生中又沒犯過什么大的過失、本性善良的人來 說, 他們怎么辦? 對該問題的反思導(dǎo)致了煉獄理論的產(chǎn)生, 煉獄是介于天堂和地獄之間 的中間地帶。在煉獄里, 靈魂因人的罪惡受到折磨, 但人最終還是得以赦免, 從而進入 天堂。

　　閱讀導(dǎo)評

　　__與西方文化有著密不可分的關(guān)系, 自中世紀以來, 基督__方人的思維方式、 價值判斷、藝術(shù)理念等方面產(chǎn)生了潛移默化的影響。基督__典著作《圣經(jīng)》也以其博 大精深的思想內(nèi)涵和豐富多彩的敘事模式, 為西方藝術(shù)提供了取之不盡的精神資源。可以 說, 基督__一種文化精神, 已經(jīng)沉淀在西方人的靈魂里, 溶化在血液中。所以, 只有對 基督__《圣經(jīng)》有了基本的了解以后, 我們才能更深刻地理解西方文學(xué)、西方文化, 乃 至西方人的思維方式。

　　閱讀導(dǎo)釋

　　1. __。世界上最大的宗教。公元1 世紀產(chǎn)生于亞細亞的西部地區(qū), 后來從猶太教中分 裂出來成為獨立的宗教。該教奉耶穌為救世主, 公元4 世紀成為羅馬帝國的國教, 并逐 漸成為中世紀歐洲封建社會的主要精神支柱。基督__分為三大派系———天主教 ( Catholicism) 、新教( Protestantism) 和東正教( OrthodoxChurch) 。

　　2. 猶太教。主要在猶太人之間流行, 奉耶和華為唯一的神, __的《舊約》原是它的 經(jīng)典。

　　3.《舊約》。《舊約》是__經(jīng)典著作《圣經(jīng)》的一部分。《舊約》包括律法書、先知書、歷 史書和雜集四類, 共39 卷, 其中記錄了天地起源、猶太人的來源和歷史以及古代猶太人 的文學(xué)作品。

　　4. 諾亞、亞伯拉罕和摩西。諾亞是方舟( ark) 的建造者。亞伯拉罕是希伯來人的始祖。摩 西是公元前13 世紀以色列人的宗教領(lǐng)袖和民族英雄, 在上帝的幫助下, 他率領(lǐng)以色列人 逃出埃及, 來到流著奶和蜜的迦南(Canaan, 今巴勒斯坦) 。

　　5.《十誡》。希伯來人在埃及淪為奴隸, 摩西奉上帝之命進行拯救, 帶領(lǐng)同胞來到西奈山 下, 上帝通過摩西向希伯來人傳諭了“ 十誡”, 標志著上帝與民眾簽訂了嚴格的道德契 約。隨著__的傳播,《十誡》已成為各教派最基本的倫理誡條, 成為教徒的“ 金科玉 律”。

　　6.《新約》。《新約》包括福音書、歷史書、使徒書信和啟示錄四類, 共27 卷, 主要記述了耶 穌及其門徒的言行。

　　7. salvation n. 靈魂得救, 救贖。__中有原罪和救贖說。據(jù)《圣經(jīng)》記載, 人類始祖亞當 ( Adam) 和夏娃( Eve) 在伊甸園( Eden) 里偷吃了禁果( forbidden fruit) , 犯下了人間第 一樁罪過。基督__種“ 罪過”說成是代代相傳的, 稱之為“ 原罪”( original sin) , 認為 他們犯下的原罪使世俗社會充滿罪惡, 人降生即具有惡的一面。既然人具有原罪和自身 之罪過, 需要救贖, 故上帝派其獨生子耶穌基督降臨人世, 創(chuàng)立基督__們唯有信仰救 世主耶穌, 才能獲得救贖, 求得死后永生。

　　8. 這里反映了__的天堂地獄說。《圣經(jīng)》認為, 現(xiàn)實世界是罪惡的“ 淵蔽”, 人在這個世 界上的苦楚是無法擺脫的。只有信仰耶穌, 順從神的安排, 死后才能升上天堂, 否則就要 受到末日的審判, 被拋入地獄, 肉體和精神都要受到無窮盡的折磨。 9. purgatory n. 煉獄, 又稱滌罪所, 是基督__暫時受苦之地。