英語六級100條閱讀難句分析-sentence 1
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非謂語動詞結構
常見考點突破
非謂語動詞的概念
不能作謂語的動詞形式就是非謂語動詞,主要有一下三大類:分詞、不定式和動名詞。非謂語動詞可以充當多種成分,如:主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語等。下面我們將從句法功能入手來分析這三大類非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞的三大類型
分詞
分詞有兩類,即現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。從意義上來說,現(xiàn)在分詞主要表示主動或進行狀態(tài);過去分體則體現(xiàn)被動或完成狀態(tài)。分詞在句中可作多種成分:
分詞作定語。例如:
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof. (在該句中,gas 后緊跟一個過去分詞結構做其后置定語,表示一種被動狀態(tài),說明gas是被如何運輸?shù)摹?
The girl standing there was crying.(在該句中,standing there作the girl 的后置定語,且使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式表主動。)
分詞作狀語。例如:
He glanced over at her, nothing that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (在該句中,逗號后緊跟一個noting引導的分詞結構,作glanced over at her的伴隨狀語,表示同時進行的動作。)
He fired, killing one of the passers-by.(在該句中,killing…引導一個現(xiàn)在分詞結構,作fired的結果狀語。)
Being tired with the work, he sat down to rest.(在該句中,分詞結構Being tired with the work作原因狀語,提前說明后續(xù)動作的原因。)
不定式
不定式由“to+動詞原形”構成,具有動詞的特征,同時也有名詞,形容詞和副詞的特征,具體屬于哪個特征應視所處語境而定。
不定式作目的狀語。例如:
He sent his daughter to America to learn English.(在該句中,不定式to learn English作狀語,說明去美國的目的。)
不定式作賓語補足語。例如:
We believe him to be guilty.(在該句中,不定式to be guilty作him的賓語補足語。)
不定式作后置定語。例如:
The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.(在該句中,不定式to be discussed作topic的后置定語。)
不定式作主語。例如:
To know oneself is difficult.(在該句中,不定式To know oneself作句子的主語。)
不定式作表語。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.(該句為“主語+系動詞+表語”結構,不定式to clean the room作表語。)
動名詞
動名詞在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing,但其表達的動作意義不如現(xiàn)在分詞強,因為動名詞已經(jīng)將動作名詞化了,從某種意義上說,動名詞就相當于名詞,代詞了。
動名詞作主語。例如:
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview; having the answers ready will be of great help.(在該句中,動名詞結構having the answers ready充當后一分句的主語。)
動名詞作表語。例如:
Her job was washing clothes.(該句為主系表句型,washing clothes是動名詞結構,用作表語。)
動名詞作賓語。例如:
I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.(動名詞結構telling Jane the truth在句中充當avoid的賓語,說明avoid的內(nèi)容。)
動名詞作定語。例如:
A sleeping car(表示“臥鋪車”,sleeping表示car的功能;sleeping是動名詞作定語。)
A sleeping dog(表示“睡覺的狗”,sleeping是dog的動作;sleeping是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。)
真題難句薈萃
分詞
1. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care. (09.12 Passage 2)
結構分析:主干:…physicians… are either driven out of business or to (cash only) practices…
Physicians有前置定語primary care和who引導的定語從句修飾。句末的現(xiàn)在分詞短語contributing…作狀語,表示伴隨are driven…而來的結果。
譯文:不愿降低服務質(zhì)量的初級護理醫(yī)生要么被迫停業(yè),要么提供只收現(xiàn)金的服務,這進一步加劇了初級護理服務的下滑。
非謂語動詞結構
常見考點突破
非謂語動詞的概念
不能作謂語的動詞形式就是非謂語動詞,主要有一下三大類:分詞、不定式和動名詞。非謂語動詞可以充當多種成分,如:主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語補足語等。下面我們將從句法功能入手來分析這三大類非謂語動詞。
非謂語動詞的三大類型
分詞
分詞有兩類,即現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。從意義上來說,現(xiàn)在分詞主要表示主動或進行狀態(tài);過去分體則體現(xiàn)被動或完成狀態(tài)。分詞在句中可作多種成分:
分詞作定語。例如:
Trucks and buses were driven on gas carried in large bags on the roof. (在該句中,gas 后緊跟一個過去分詞結構做其后置定語,表示一種被動狀態(tài),說明gas是被如何運輸?shù)摹?
The girl standing there was crying.(在該句中,standing there作the girl 的后置定語,且使用現(xiàn)在分詞形式表主動。)
分詞作狀語。例如:
He glanced over at her, nothing that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. (在該句中,逗號后緊跟一個noting引導的分詞結構,作glanced over at her的伴隨狀語,表示同時進行的動作。)
He fired, killing one of the passers-by.(在該句中,killing…引導一個現(xiàn)在分詞結構,作fired的結果狀語。)
Being tired with the work, he sat down to rest.(在該句中,分詞結構Being tired with the work作原因狀語,提前說明后續(xù)動作的原因。)
不定式
不定式由“to+動詞原形”構成,具有動詞的特征,同時也有名詞,形容詞和副詞的特征,具體屬于哪個特征應視所處語境而定。
不定式作目的狀語。例如:
He sent his daughter to America to learn English.(在該句中,不定式to learn English作狀語,說明去美國的目的。)
不定式作賓語補足語。例如:
We believe him to be guilty.(在該句中,不定式to be guilty作him的賓語補足語。)
不定式作后置定語。例如:
The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.(在該句中,不定式to be discussed作topic的后置定語。)
不定式作主語。例如:
To know oneself is difficult.(在該句中,不定式To know oneself作句子的主語。)
不定式作表語。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.(該句為“主語+系動詞+表語”結構,不定式to clean the room作表語。)
動名詞
動名詞在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同,都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing,但其表達的動作意義不如現(xiàn)在分詞強,因為動名詞已經(jīng)將動作名詞化了,從某種意義上說,動名詞就相當于名詞,代詞了。
動名詞作主語。例如:
It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview; having the answers ready will be of great help.(在該句中,動名詞結構having the answers ready充當后一分句的主語。)
動名詞作表語。例如:
Her job was washing clothes.(該句為主系表句型,washing clothes是動名詞結構,用作表語。)
動名詞作賓語。例如:
I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she would be angry.(動名詞結構telling Jane the truth在句中充當avoid的賓語,說明avoid的內(nèi)容。)
動名詞作定語。例如:
A sleeping car(表示“臥鋪車”,sleeping表示car的功能;sleeping是動名詞作定語。)
A sleeping dog(表示“睡覺的狗”,sleeping是dog的動作;sleeping是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。)
真題難句薈萃
分詞
1. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of primary care. (09.12 Passage 2)
結構分析:主干:…physicians… are either driven out of business or to (cash only) practices…
Physicians有前置定語primary care和who引導的定語從句修飾。句末的現(xiàn)在分詞短語contributing…作狀語,表示伴隨are driven…而來的結果。
譯文:不愿降低服務質(zhì)量的初級護理醫(yī)生要么被迫停業(yè),要么提供只收現(xiàn)金的服務,這進一步加劇了初級護理服務的下滑。