六級變相考查閱讀理解--簡短回答
時間：
未知2
閱讀理解
大學英語四六級考試，自1992年1月到1999年6月連續3年出現了一種新題型--簡短回答題(short answer question)。此類題一般被安排在閱讀理解之后。一方面考查考生的短文閱讀能力，另一方面是側重考核考生的書面表達能力。此類題型出現后，一些考生不太適應，往往是束手無策，結果在此題的得分率較低。鑒于此，我們通過近幾年六篇簡答短文及三十道試題的深入研究、總結、歸納簡短回答題的命題傾向，并向考生提供各種相應的應試技巧。
一、簡答題與閱讀理解題的異同
這兩類題型，既有相同點，又有各自的特點。相同點都是對短文材料進行閱讀，并要理解內容。因此，閱讀能力的培養，貴在平時。四六級英語考試，是一難度較大級別較高的測試，其閱讀材料一般來源于英語國家主要是美國當代作品，其中又以報刊雜志為主。因此，建議考生平時一定要看看《新聞周刊》(Newsweek)、《時代周刊》(Time)和《商業周刊》(Businessweek)等。只有在閱讀好，理解好短文材料基礎上，才談得上應試技巧。不同點在于，簡答題主要是考查學生語言組織能力和表達能力，它要求學生用簡短的詞組或句子回答提問或補充完整句子，而閱讀理解題是在四個選項中作出唯一正確地選擇。它有三個干擾項，考生易被干擾項引入歧途。因此，我們研究真題后發現，簡答題雖說表面上量大而且要求寬，但其實質卻是降低了考試難度。因此，考生對這種新題型不必擔憂。只要考生掌握了下面的應試技巧，在平時稍加注意，此題得分率必將提高。
二、命題傾向剖析及應試技巧
近三年簡答題主要考三種題型：主旨大意題、事實細節題、推理題，而以事實細節題考得最多(約70%)。
1、主旨大意題
此類題型在三年中考得較少。做此類題要求考生用最簡潔而又內涵豐富的詞或短語高度概括文章的中心思想。許多考生的難處是短文看懂了，中心意思也知道，就是不知如何表達出來。此時，考生關鍵是找到主題句，通過對主題句進行"手術"，就能找到最佳答案。而主題句通常都在段首或段末，有時是一疑問句或一簡單句，且具有語法上的獨立性。關鍵詞有“in short”、“in my opinion”、“that is”、“therefore”、“I believe/suggest/think”、 “in fact”等。
例(1)What is the passage mainly about? (1997年1月六級簡答真題)
分析：文章相信大多數考生都能看懂，主要講美國的偷車現象及其解決辦法。考生閱讀完畢，很容易發現幾個關鍵句子，如Vehicle, theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. How can you protect your car?
考生對這兩個句子進行巧妙裁剪、嫁接，就能做許多滿意答案，如(1)Vehicle theft and security systme in U.S. (2) Car thefts in the U.S.A. (3)Theft of Car. (4) Stolen-vehicle phonomenon and solution等。這些答案中關鍵詞都可以在主題句或原文中找到，考生的技巧是如何把它們很好地結合起來。一些考生不擅此道，而在那苦思冥想，總想找個新鮮詞或另外的短語來表達，結果浪費時間，甚至表達錯誤。
例(2) Apart from personal preferences, what determines one’s choice of the media and media content? (1998年6月六級題S4)
(分析：文中第三段首句即點明主旨：Quite a different sort of factor that affects your media experiences is the social context of exposure. 故答案為the social context of exposure)
2、 事實細節題
此類題型是簡答題考查最多題型，考查形式多樣，下面一一剖析。
(1)描述性題目能直接從原文中找到答案。此類細節題答案一般是句子謂語或賓語等主干成分，考生略做變化即能寫出答案。
例(1)How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could be in the United States in 1989? (1997年1月六有題73)
(分析:答好此題的關鍵，是考生一定要看到課文中的一句話，即：
In 1987, ……If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade.
前面提到了1987，可知the end of the decade指80年代末，即1989年；exceed two million 是關鍵詞。因此答案可以為：Over two million vehicles could be stolen.)
例(2) What belief about pet behavior was unacceptable to experts of animals behavior? (1997年7月六級簡答題S4)
(分析：此題答案在短文最后一段第二、第三句話中就能直接找到。In short, do household pets really have a mental and emotional life? Their owners think so, but until recently, animal-behavior experts would have gone mad on hearing such a question. 此兩句話中，前一句"have a mental and emotional life"是關鍵詞句，后一句話："have gone mad"表示動物專家的態度，"such a question"指前一句話內容。考生找到這些關鍵詞句，答案就出來了：That animals have a mental and emotional life.)
例(3)What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car? (1997年1月六級題75)
(分析：此題屬敘述、描述性事實細節題，短文最后一句提供了答案：In some states, you may be able to use a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police. 句中"allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police" 和題干中"help the police track down a stolen car"意義相近，只是句式、用詞作了變換，"transmits radio signals"是關鍵詞，故答案：The transimitting radio signals.)
(2)因果型的題目短文中能直接找到原因或結果。通常表原因的關鍵詞有：for that reason, for, as, because, since, as a result of, owing to, thanks to等。表結果的關鍵詞有：as a result, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, so。考生閱讀時要注意這些詞后面的內容。
例(1)Why are newspaper considered as an important medium according to the passage? (1998年6月六級簡答題S2)
(分析：此題用why來提問，短文中似乎沒有because……回應句。但考生在第一段應該會看到這樣一句話：Of all the media, television is clearly dominant, with newspapers a close second, at least as a source of news and other information. 此句中直接談到"newpapers"的作用"as a source of news and other information"，as是重要標志，因而題干答案即為：Because they are a source of news and other information.
例(2)Why was it easy for boats to tumble over in the Colorado? (1998年1月六級簡答題S2)
(分析：此題在短文第一段中沒有出現任何表因果關系的連詞，但文中有兩處關鍵的話，即，all of us naturally set aside any pretenses(矯飾) and put out backs into ever stroke to keep the boat from tumbling over. <此處考生要知道keep … from … 之意，防止…被…>，……working together to cope with the unpredictable twists and turns of the river. 前一句話暗示出小船極易"tumble over"，后一句話表明河流有："the unpredictable twists and turns"，故答案為：Because the rivers is full of twists and turns.)
(3)范例型題目：需要概括答案的。表示舉例的關鍵詞有：for example, such …as, for instance, that is, as follow等。考生對這些詞后面的內容要注意。
例(1)For one reasons or another, people’s exposure to the media is often _______. (1998年6月六級簡答題3)
(分析：此題文中第二段首句就突出了主題：There are various factors that can cause you to expose yourself to the media selectively, ……. 然后指出原因：…… is probably due to the psychological pressure …. However, … but to other factors, such as….考生只要找到"selectively"、"due to …"、"other factors"、"such as"等詞，就能夠填完題干句，即 … is often selective and influenced by different factors.)
例(2) What caused the sharp conflict in the GM plant in the late 1970s? (1998年1月六級簡答題S4)
(分析：此題的答案需要從文中所舉例子前后經過的描述中才能概括出來。文中用For example道出事情經過：For example, in the late 1970s a General Motor plant in Fremont, Calif, was the scene of constant warefare between labor and management. Distrust ran so high that the labor contract was hundreds of pages of tricky legal terms. ……關鍵詞有"Distrust"、"high"、"tricky"。此外，上一段"the teamwork is the key to making dreams come ture"也很重要，因為所舉例子是論證此觀點的，故考生可概括出答案：Distrust and lack of teamwork)
(4)對照比較型題目：對照比較目的在于所涉及的兩個事物之間的不同或相似之處,進而說明主題.表對照的關鍵詞有：however、nevertheless、in contrast、 on the other hand、but、yet、while等。表比較的詞有：likewise、in the same way、as if、as等。
例(1) Developing children’s self-confidence helps bring them up to be _______ (1999年1月六級簡答題S5)
(分析：此題答案在短文最后一句能直接找到。Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and intersting people. 句中on the other hand表對照，暗示出與前面相反的結果，故答案為：capable and interesting people)
一、簡答題與閱讀理解題的異同
這兩類題型，既有相同點，又有各自的特點。相同點都是對短文材料進行閱讀，并要理解內容。因此，閱讀能力的培養，貴在平時。四六級英語考試，是一難度較大級別較高的測試，其閱讀材料一般來源于英語國家主要是美國當代作品，其中又以報刊雜志為主。因此，建議考生平時一定要看看《新聞周刊》(Newsweek)、《時代周刊》(Time)和《商業周刊》(Businessweek)等。只有在閱讀好，理解好短文材料基礎上，才談得上應試技巧。不同點在于，簡答題主要是考查學生語言組織能力和表達能力，它要求學生用簡短的詞組或句子回答提問或補充完整句子，而閱讀理解題是在四個選項中作出唯一正確地選擇。它有三個干擾項，考生易被干擾項引入歧途。因此，我們研究真題后發現，簡答題雖說表面上量大而且要求寬，但其實質卻是降低了考試難度。因此，考生對這種新題型不必擔憂。只要考生掌握了下面的應試技巧，在平時稍加注意，此題得分率必將提高。
二、命題傾向剖析及應試技巧
近三年簡答題主要考三種題型：主旨大意題、事實細節題、推理題，而以事實細節題考得最多(約70%)。
1、主旨大意題
此類題型在三年中考得較少。做此類題要求考生用最簡潔而又內涵豐富的詞或短語高度概括文章的中心思想。許多考生的難處是短文看懂了，中心意思也知道，就是不知如何表達出來。此時，考生關鍵是找到主題句，通過對主題句進行"手術"，就能找到最佳答案。而主題句通常都在段首或段末，有時是一疑問句或一簡單句，且具有語法上的獨立性。關鍵詞有“in short”、“in my opinion”、“that is”、“therefore”、“I believe/suggest/think”、 “in fact”等。
例(1)What is the passage mainly about? (1997年1月六級簡答真題)
分析：文章相信大多數考生都能看懂，主要講美國的偷車現象及其解決辦法。考生閱讀完畢，很容易發現幾個關鍵句子，如Vehicle, theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four million victims a year. How can you protect your car?
考生對這兩個句子進行巧妙裁剪、嫁接，就能做許多滿意答案，如(1)Vehicle theft and security systme in U.S. (2) Car thefts in the U.S.A. (3)Theft of Car. (4) Stolen-vehicle phonomenon and solution等。這些答案中關鍵詞都可以在主題句或原文中找到，考生的技巧是如何把它們很好地結合起來。一些考生不擅此道，而在那苦思冥想，總想找個新鮮詞或另外的短語來表達，結果浪費時間，甚至表達錯誤。
例(2) Apart from personal preferences, what determines one’s choice of the media and media content? (1998年6月六級題S4)
(分析：文中第三段首句即點明主旨：Quite a different sort of factor that affects your media experiences is the social context of exposure. 故答案為the social context of exposure)
2、 事實細節題
此類題型是簡答題考查最多題型，考查形式多樣，下面一一剖析。
(1)描述性題目能直接從原文中找到答案。此類細節題答案一般是句子謂語或賓語等主干成分，考生略做變化即能寫出答案。
例(1)How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could be in the United States in 1989? (1997年1月六有題73)
(分析:答好此題的關鍵，是考生一定要看到課文中的一句話，即：
In 1987, ……If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million by the end of the decade.
前面提到了1987，可知the end of the decade指80年代末，即1989年；exceed two million 是關鍵詞。因此答案可以為：Over two million vehicles could be stolen.)
例(2) What belief about pet behavior was unacceptable to experts of animals behavior? (1997年7月六級簡答題S4)
(分析：此題答案在短文最后一段第二、第三句話中就能直接找到。In short, do household pets really have a mental and emotional life? Their owners think so, but until recently, animal-behavior experts would have gone mad on hearing such a question. 此兩句話中，前一句"have a mental and emotional life"是關鍵詞句，后一句話："have gone mad"表示動物專家的態度，"such a question"指前一句話內容。考生找到這些關鍵詞句，答案就出來了：That animals have a mental and emotional life.)
例(3)What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car? (1997年1月六級題75)
(分析：此題屬敘述、描述性事實細節題，短文最后一句提供了答案：In some states, you may be able to use a device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police. 句中"allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police" 和題干中"help the police track down a stolen car"意義相近，只是句式、用詞作了變換，"transmits radio signals"是關鍵詞，故答案：The transimitting radio signals.)
(2)因果型的題目短文中能直接找到原因或結果。通常表原因的關鍵詞有：for that reason, for, as, because, since, as a result of, owing to, thanks to等。表結果的關鍵詞有：as a result, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, so。考生閱讀時要注意這些詞后面的內容。
例(1)Why are newspaper considered as an important medium according to the passage? (1998年6月六級簡答題S2)
(分析：此題用why來提問，短文中似乎沒有because……回應句。但考生在第一段應該會看到這樣一句話：Of all the media, television is clearly dominant, with newspapers a close second, at least as a source of news and other information. 此句中直接談到"newpapers"的作用"as a source of news and other information"，as是重要標志，因而題干答案即為：Because they are a source of news and other information.
例(2)Why was it easy for boats to tumble over in the Colorado? (1998年1月六級簡答題S2)
(分析：此題在短文第一段中沒有出現任何表因果關系的連詞，但文中有兩處關鍵的話，即，all of us naturally set aside any pretenses(矯飾) and put out backs into ever stroke to keep the boat from tumbling over. <此處考生要知道keep … from … 之意，防止…被…>，……working together to cope with the unpredictable twists and turns of the river. 前一句話暗示出小船極易"tumble over"，后一句話表明河流有："the unpredictable twists and turns"，故答案為：Because the rivers is full of twists and turns.)
(3)范例型題目：需要概括答案的。表示舉例的關鍵詞有：for example, such …as, for instance, that is, as follow等。考生對這些詞后面的內容要注意。
例(1)For one reasons or another, people’s exposure to the media is often _______. (1998年6月六級簡答題3)
(分析：此題文中第二段首句就突出了主題：There are various factors that can cause you to expose yourself to the media selectively, ……. 然后指出原因：…… is probably due to the psychological pressure …. However, … but to other factors, such as….考生只要找到"selectively"、"due to …"、"other factors"、"such as"等詞，就能夠填完題干句，即 … is often selective and influenced by different factors.)
例(2) What caused the sharp conflict in the GM plant in the late 1970s? (1998年1月六級簡答題S4)
(分析：此題的答案需要從文中所舉例子前后經過的描述中才能概括出來。文中用For example道出事情經過：For example, in the late 1970s a General Motor plant in Fremont, Calif, was the scene of constant warefare between labor and management. Distrust ran so high that the labor contract was hundreds of pages of tricky legal terms. ……關鍵詞有"Distrust"、"high"、"tricky"。此外，上一段"the teamwork is the key to making dreams come ture"也很重要，因為所舉例子是論證此觀點的，故考生可概括出答案：Distrust and lack of teamwork)
(4)對照比較型題目：對照比較目的在于所涉及的兩個事物之間的不同或相似之處,進而說明主題.表對照的關鍵詞有：however、nevertheless、in contrast、 on the other hand、but、yet、while等。表比較的詞有：likewise、in the same way、as if、as等。
例(1) Developing children’s self-confidence helps bring them up to be _______ (1999年1月六級簡答題S5)
(分析：此題答案在短文最后一句能直接找到。Giving children the opportunity to develop new resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capable and intersting people. 句中on the other hand表對照，暗示出與前面相反的結果，故答案為：capable and interesting people)